MARY HEREDIA, APPELLANT,
v.
SAFEWAY TRAILS, INC., TAMIAMI TRAIL TOURS INC., CONTINENTAL TRAILWAYS, INC., LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY AND JAMES DANIEL ABRIDGE, APPELLEES
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The court held that an action for breach of a carrier's duty of safe transport, arising from a written ticket, is an action founded on a written instrument and thus subject to the five-year statute of limitations.
[1] A breach of a common carrier's obligation to transport a passenger safely is a breach of the written contract for transportation, even if the obligation is implied by law…
[2] An action for damages arising from a breach of a written transportation contract, including implied obligations of safe carriage, is governed by the statute of limitation…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligencePlaintiff purchased a bus ticket for transportation. The bus crashed en route, causing plaintiff's injuries. Plaintiff filed suit within five years of…
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PER CURIAM.
This appeal is by the plaintiff below from an order which dismissed her amended complaint on the ground that the action was barred by the statute of limitations.
On March 12, 1972, the plaintiff Mary Heredia purchased a ticket for transportation from Miami to New York, N.Y., on Continental Trailways bus. The ticket was in writing, was designated “Contract”; showed issuance at Miami, Florida, by Continental Trailways; contained certain identifying numbers; and specified travel from Miami, via Fayetteville, N.C., and Richmond, Va., to New York N.Y. It was alleged that while plaintiff was a passenger on such bus being transported towards her designated destination on March 12, 1972, said transportation contract was breached when the bus was so driven that it left the highway and ran into a canal, with the result that plaintiff thereby suffered certain permanent injuries.
Her action was commenced on March 10, 1977, two days less than five years from the date of the alleged breach of contract from which her injuries resulted. By the time the action was filed, the statute of limitations had run for an action in tort. However, the plaintiff had the election to sue in contract. Doyle v. City of Coral Gables, 159 Fla. 802, 33 So. 2d 41 (1947).
The determinative question is whether this contract action is controlled by the statute of limitations provision of four years for an action on an oral contract,1 or the provision of five years for “[an] action on a contract, obligation, or liability founded on a written instrument.”2 The trial court dismissed the action on the theory that it was based on an oral rather than a written contract.
We hold that in so ruling the trial court was in error. The plaintiff passenger was travelling on a written contract for her transportation from Miami to New York, N.Y. The wrecking of the bus en route, with resultant injury to the passenger, represented a breach of contract of transportation. The plaintiff’s action for damages for alleged breach of the contract was a legal action on the contract and for a liability founded on said written instrument, and therefore was timely filed.
A written instrument may have legal effect beyond its actual words, resultant upon its wording and purpose. It must be considered to embody obligations which legally are to be implied from its wording and the relationship of the parties, and obligations thereunder that are implied by law, although not actually specified therein, are legal obligations founded on the contract, which in this instance was a written contract. McGill v. Cockrell, 88 Fla. 54, 101 So. 199, 201 (1924); Sharp v. Williams, 141 Fla. 1, 192 So. 476, 480 (1939); Wilcox v. Atkins, 213 So. 2d 879, 882 (Fla.2d DCA 1968).
It is elemental that a contract of a common carrier to transport a passenger to a given destination imposes on the carrier an obligation to transport the passenger to his destination in a reasonably safe manner. The appellees argued that because the written contract did not contain language specifying that the carrier is so obligated, an action claiming breach of such obligation of safe carriage is not one that is founded on the written contract represented by the ticket, but is a claim based on a separate oral contract for safety in travel. With that contention of the appellees, we cannot agree. As stated iri McGill v. Cockrell, supra, “what the law implies, from the relation of parties created by an express agreement is as much a part of the contract as that which is expressed.” Where a written contract is such as legally to create such obligation, an action charging breach of the obligation is an action predicated on the written contract.
“A contract must create legal obligations.” Kislak v. Kreedian, 95 So. 2d 510, 515 (Fla.1957). In Wilcox v. Atkins, supra, the court said:
“This written instrument is to be given legal effect, and to give it effect, the courts must consider it as embodying all the legal obligations implied from its language. Here, it should be noted that a contract includes not only the things written, but also terms and matters which, though not actually expressed, are implied by law, and these are as binding as the terms which are actually written. McGill v. Cockrell, Fla.1924, 88 Fla. 54, 101 So. 199; and Sharp v. Williams, Fla. 1939, 141 Fla. 1, 192 So. 476.
“In this regard, the law imported into a contract does not create an independent agreement, but makes the instrument itself express the full agreement of the parties. * * *”
Here the obligation, the alleged breach of which is the basis of this action, was one legally created by the written instrument, and it is upon the latter that this action -was based, with the result that the five-year statute of limitations was applicable, and the action was timely filed.
The order of dismissal is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings.
. § 95.11(3)(k), Fla.Stat. (1975).
. § 95.11(2)(b), Fla.Stat. (1975).
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Schrank v. Pearlman, 683 So. 2d 559 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996)…ragraph 95.11(3)(k), Florida Statutes (1989). Since defendant has put forth what appears potentially to be a complete defense, the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment should have been denied.1 Plaintiffs rely on Heredia v. Safeway Trails, Inc., 369 So. 2d 418 (Fla. 3d DCA), cert, denied, 378 So. 2d 348 (Fla.1979), but that case presents a very different circumstance. In Heredia this court held that a bus ticket to transport the plaintiff from Miami to New York constituted a written contract and included,…
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Elizabeth N. v. Riverside Grp., Inc., 585 So. 2d 376 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991)…n an implied warranty of habitability founded on a similar contract. She contends that Florida courts have established that legal obligations implied by law are actually parts of written contracts, relying in part on Heredia v. Safeway Trails, Inc., 369 So. 2d 418 (Fla.3d DCA), cert. den., Safeway Trails, Inc. v. Heredia, 378 So. 2d 348 (Fla.1979).2 [*378] Appellee argues that the trial court properly relied on K/F Development and Investment Corporation in ruling that section 95.11(3)(p) governs actions based…
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SCI Funeral Servs. OF Fla., Inc. v. Anel Henry, 839 So. 2d 702 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002)…relationship of the parties, and obligations thereunder that are implied by law, although not actually specified therein, are legal obligations founded on the contract, which in this instance was a written contract. Heredia v. Safeway Trails, Inc., 369 So. 2d 418, 420 (Fla. 3d DCA 1979) (citations omitted). In Heredia, the court held that a bus ticket included the implied term that the bus company convey the passenger to the destination safely. Id. at 420. A pas [*709] senger was allowed to bring suit for br…
Previewing 3 of 5 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited
- Kislak v. Koren Kreedian, 95 So. 2d 510 (Fla. 1957)
- Sharp v. Williams, 141 Fla. 1 (Fla. 1939)
- Isabella Doyle v. City OF Coral Gables, 159 Fla. 802 (Fla. 1947)
- State v. Amos Lewis, 88 Fla. 146 (Fla. 1924)
- McGill v. Cockrell, 88 Fla. 54 (Fla. 1924)
- Wilcox v. Atkins, 213 So. 2d 879 (Fla. 2d DCA 1968)