JUDY WERNDLI, APPELLANT,
v.
GREYHOUND LINES, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION, SAMUEL W. BANKS AND AMERICAN HOME ASSURANCE COMPANY, A FOREIGN CORPORATION, APPELLEES
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The court held that whether a bus terminal is located in a high-crime area, making a criminal attack foreseeable, is a question for the jury. The sublessee of the terminal owed no higher duty than the bus company.
[1] A defendant may be liable for injuries resulting from a criminal attack if the criminal event was foreseeable.
[2] Whether a location constitutes a "high crime area" for purposes of foreseeability is a question for the jury.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligencePlaintiff was attacked near a Greyhound bus terminal after arriving late at night. The terminal was closed and dark, and located in a high-crime area.…
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DANAHY, Judge.
This case is before us for the second time. On the first appeal,1 we reversed an order of the trial court dismissing appellant’s amended complaint against appellee The Greyhound Corporation (Greyhound). In our earlier opinion, we said:
Appellant filed suit against Greyhound seeking damages for injuries sustained as the result of an attack by a third party near the Greyhound bus terminal in Fort Myers. Her amended complaint set forth the following facts which we must accept as true:
Appellant purchased a ticket for herself and her young son at the Greyhound bus terminal in St. Petersburg for a trip which would terminate at the Greyhound bus terminal in Fort Myers. The bus departed on schedule at approximately 11:30 p. m. and, after scheduled intermediate stops, arrived at the Fort Myers terminal at approximately 4:15 a. m. When she alighted from the bus after her long ride, appellant observed that the station and restrooms were darkened, closed, and locked. Because she needed to use bathroom facilities and also wished to obtain a cold drink for her thirsty son, appellant left the terminal facilities to cross to a lighted service station. As she walked away from the terminal, she was attacked by an unknown person who caused her severe injuries. The terminal was located in a high crime area of Fort Myers.
... Inasmuch as Greyhound knew or should have known that its Fort Myers terminal was located in a high crime area and would be darkened, closed, and locked at the time appellant was due to arrive there in the middle of the night, we believe that Greyhound should have warned or informed appellant of such a potentially dangerous condition in order that she might take that fact into consideration before purchasing her ticket and leaving St. Petersburg.
365 So. 2d 177, 178.
Subsequent to our remand for further proceedings, appellant joined appellees Samuel W. Banks and his insurer (Banks) as additional defendants. Banks is the subles-see of the Fort Myers Greyhound terminal and operates it for Greyhound.
After substantial pretrial discovery, the trial judge entered a final summary judgment for Greyhound and Banks, reciting the following ground:
The court finds, as a matter of law, that the undisputed facts show that the Fort Myers Greyhound bus terminal is not located in a “high-crime area” and therefore these defendants did not breach any duty owed to this plaintiff.
In Drake v. Sun Bank & Trust Co., 377 So. 2d 1013 (Fla.2d DCA 1979), we discussed the circumstances under which one party will be liable for the consequences of a criminal attack on another. As we pointed out in that case, liability does not exist unless the criminal event was foreseeable.2 In our earlier opinion in this case we accepted as true appellant’s allegation that the Fort Myers Greyhound terminal was located in a high crime area and tacitly held that the occurrence of a criminal event in a high crime area is reasonably foreseeable.
The trial judge considered all of the evidence adduced by appellant and concluded as a matter of law that it was insufficient to establish that the Fort Myers terminal was located in a high crime area. We believe that determination should be submitted to a jury. There is no magic meaning to the words “high crime area.” The issue remains one of foreseeability and we believe that appellant’s evidence was sufficient to create an issue for a jury to decide; that is, whether a criminal attack on appellant was reasonably foreseeable by Greyhound under the circumstances. Accordingly, we reverse the final summary judgment insofar as Greyhound is concerned.
However, we affirm as to Banks. In our earlier opinion, we held that Greyhound could have met its duty to appellant by warning her at the inception of her trip that its Fort Myers terminal would be darkened, closed, and locked at the time appellant was due to arrive there in the middle of the night. We specifically did not hold that Greyhound was obliged to have the terminal open and its facilities available to appellant upon her arrival.3 Extensive research has revealed no authority for the proposition that Banks, as an independent operator of the terminal, owed a duty to appellant as an arriving Greyhound passenger to have the terminal open at the time of her arrival. We believe that Banks owed no higher duty than did Greyhound; if Greyhound had no duty to assure that the terminal would be open at the time of appellant’s arrival, neither did Banks. Unlike Greyhound, Banks had no opportunity to warn appellant prior to her trip that the terminal would be closed upon her arrival. AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
SCHEB, C. J., and RYDER, J., concur. . Werndli v. Greyhound Corp., 365 So. 2d 177 (Fla.2d DCA 1978).
. The subject of foreseeability of criminal acts is discussed at length in Reichenbach v. Days Inn of America, Inc., 401 So. 2d 1366, 1369 n. 13 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981) (Cowart, J., concurring specially).
. It has been held that the high degree of care owed its passengers by a carrier applies only to actual transportation and not to terminal or station premises provided by the carrier. Neer-ing v. Illinois Cent. Ry., 383 Ill. 366, 50 N.E. 2d 497 (1943). Contra, Fort Worth & DC Ry. v. Brown, 205 S.W. 378 (Tex.Civ.App.1918); Tate v. Illinois Cent. Ry., 26 Ky. 309, 81 S.W. 256 (1904) (criminal assault of passenger in train depot); Eastern Airlines v. Dixon, 310 So. 2d 336, 338 (Fla.3d DCA 1975) (Hendry, J., concurring specially).
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Carlisle v. Ulysses Line Ltd., S.A., 475 So. 2d 248 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985)…rts § 448 (1965). Furthermore, the issue of foreseeability is ordinarily a jury question where there is sufficient evidence of foreseeability to preclude a determination of the issue as a matter of law. See Bullock; Werndli v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 412 So. 2d 384 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982) (in action by bus passenger against carrier and bus terminal sublessee for injuries sustained in attack by third party near darkened, closed, and locked terminal, evidence was sufficient to create jury question as to whether crimi…
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Lowery v. State, 418 So. 2d 1123 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982)…s against appellant’s contention. See Willis v. State, 413 So. 2d 1290 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982); Adams v. State, 414 So. 2d 1079 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982), question certified, 414 So. 2d 1079 at 1081 (Fla. 1st DCA May 26,1982) [1982 FLW 1109]; Jackson v. State, 412 So. 2d 384 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982); Beech v. State, 411 So. 2d 1384 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982); Noles v. State, 407 So. 2d 370 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981); Williams v. State, 405 So. 2d 436, 437 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981); Joyce v. State, 404 So. 2d 850 (Fla. 4th DCA [*1124] 1981); Lewi…
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Arango v. Guzman Travel Advisors, 761 F.2d 1527 (11th Cir. 1985)…ise this degree of care may extend to the provision of terminals into which passengers enter upon exiting the carrier. Eastern Airlines v. Dixon, 310 So. 2d 336, 338 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1975) (Hendry, J., concurring). But see Werndl v. Greyhound Lines, 412 So. 2d 384, 386 & n. 3 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982). There is no duty, however, that required Dominicana to pay for the Arangos’ food and lodging in San Juan under the circumstances of this case. Dominicana was ordered by immigration officials to transport the appel…
Authorities Cited
- Reichenbach v. Days INN OF Am., Inc., 401 So. 2d 1366 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981)
- Fryc v. State, 377 So. 2d 1013 (Fla. 3d DCA 1979)
- Drake v. SUN Bank & Tr. Co. OF ST. Petersburg, 377 So. 2d 1013 (Fla. 2d DCA 1979)
- E. Airlines, Inc. v. Dixon, 310 So. 2d 336 (Fla. 3d DCA 1975)
- Werndli v. The Greyhound Corp., 365 So. 2d 177 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978)