CHARLES JACKSON, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 4th DCA | 1983-08-10
No. 82-1029
LETTS and GLICKSTEIN, JJ., concur.
435 So. 2d 984 Florida District Court of Appeal, Fourth District (1983) Positive Treatment
Cited by 16 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.

Synopsis

Charles Jackson appealed his robbery conviction, challenging a jury instruction that told jurors they could consider his shaving off his goatee during trial as evidence of consciousness of guilt. The court reversed, holding that while counsel could argue the appearance change, the trial judge improperly commented on the evidence by instructing the jury on how to view this fact.


Holding

The trial court improperly instructed the jury on how to view the defendant's changed appearance. While counsel was free to argue the appearance change to the jury, the judge should not have joined in that argument by instructing jurors that such a change was evidence of consciousness of guilt, as this constituted an improper comment on evidence.


Headnotes

[1] A trial court commits reversible error by giving a special jury instruction that comments on a defendant's change in appearance during trial as evidence of consciousness…

[2] A judge is prohibited from commenting upon the evidence to the jury.

Previewing 2 of 5 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Key Quotes

“Proof that a person has changed his appearance may be evidence of that person's consciousness of guilt. If you find that this has occurred you may give such weight to — you may give the fact such weight as you feel it is entitled to under the facts and circumstances of this case.”

The exact jury instruction that the trial court gave over the defendant's objection and that the appellate court found improper

Previewing 1 of 3 key quotes on this case — the court’s exact language, pinpointed for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Facts & Procedural History

Jackson was present at jury selection wearing a goatee. During an evening recess, he shaved and appeared clean-shaven the next day. Witnesses who iden…

The full statement of facts, procedural history, and disposition for this case are member content.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

© FLexlaw, Inc. — AI-generated enrichments are proprietary. All rights reserved.


Opinion of the Court
BERANEK, Judge.

BERANEK, Judge.

The defendant appeals his conviction of robbery asserting error in a special instruction to the jury given over his objection. We reverse on the basis of this instruction.

Jury selection began with the defendant present in the courtroom. At that time he was wearing a goatee. During the evening recess, he shaved his face and appeared in court the following day clean-shaven. At the conclusion of the trial, and over defendant’s objection, the court gave the following instruction:

Proof that a person has changed his appearance may be evidence of that person’s consciousness of guilt. If you find that this has occurred you may give such weight to — you may give the fact such weight as you feel it is entitled to under the facts and circumstances of this case.

Florida courts have long held that the judge is prohibited from commenting upon the evidence to the jury. See Tanner v. State, 197 So. 2d 842 (Fla. 1st DCA 1967). Here, the trial court was not technically commenting on the evidence since there was no real “admission” of evidence. He was instead commenting upon an action of a very obvious nature which the defendant took during the trial and it was tantamount to a comment on evidence. The witnesses who identified the defendant testified that at the time of the offense he wore facial hair and had bushier hair. We hold that counsel was certainly at liberty to argue these facts to the jury. In short, the state could have argued that the defendant’s at tempts at changing his appearance were an attempt to avoid identification during trial. However, the judge should not have joined in and supported this argument by telling the jury that if they found he had changed his appearance, that such would be evidence of his “consciousness of guilt.” It was conspicuously clear that the defendant altered his appearance during the trial.

The state cites Sireci v. State, 399 So. 2d 964 (Fla.1981); Brown v. Stave, 391 So. 2d 729 (Fla. 3d DCA 1980); and Straight v. State, 397 So. 2d 903 (Fla.1981), in support of the instruction. Each of these cases deals with the admissibility of evidence bearing on the defendant’s consciousness of guilt. In each case, the evidence was held admissible. In Sireci v. State, supra, evidence of a defendant’s attempts at having a witness killed was admitted. However, there is a great distinction between the admission of such relevant evidence and the court’s instruction to the jury on how they should view the evidence.

The state also argues that the instant instruction was similar to an instruction on flight as evidence of guilt. Certainly, there is substantial precedent holding that flight may be considered as a circumstance of guilt and that the court may instruct a jury on it. Such instructions are held “not improper as a judicial comment upon the evidence.” See Batey v. State, 355 So. 2d 1271 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978), and the cases cited therein. Frankly, we are not at all certain as to why an instruction on flight does not constitute an improper comment upon the evidence.

We find it noteworthy that in the most recent edition of Florida Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal) there is no instruction provided on “flight.” There is, however, an introductory remark in the Committee’s notes, which states: “Language which might be construed as a comment on the evidence has been avoided.” Fla.Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) p. xvi, xxi.

We need not, however, be able to explain the rationale of the precedence on flight instructions in order to determine that we will not extend this rationale to instructions on defendants who shave their beards during a trial. We have abundant confidence that a jury will be able to weigh such facts appropriately as augmented by argument of counsel. There is no necessity for the court to add the great influence of a jury charge on the effect of such actions.

The judgment and sentence are therefore reversed, and the matter is remanded for a new trial.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

LETTS and GLICKSTEIN, JJ., concur.


Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus


Citator

Cited By

  • Whitfield v. State, 452 So. 2d 548 (Fla. 1984)
    …SHAW, Justice. This cause is before us on petition for review of Whitfield v. State, 433 So. 2d 1285 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), which is in express and direct conflict with Jackson v. State, 435 So. 2d 984 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983). We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const. Jerry Gosby testified for the state that he had originally participated in a conspiracy involving Paris Nelson and petitioner, the object of which was to kill Bobby Rivers. T…
  • MacIas v. State, 673 So. 2d 176 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)
    …dant’s flight six days after victim’s disappearance); Plasencia v. State, 426 So. 2d 1051 (Fla. 3d DCA), review denied, 436 So. 2d 100 (Fla. [*185] 1983) (evidence of flight from police custody is proper). As our court observed in Jackson v. State, 435 So. 2d 984, 985 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983), “there is a great distinction between the admission of such relevant evidence and the court’s instruction to the jury on how they should view the evidence.” Because the evidence of his escape would have been otherwise admis…
  • Simpson v. State, 562 So. 2d 742 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990)
    …e, 495 So. 2d 1240 (Fla. 5th DCA 1986). See also United States v. Holbert, 578 F. 2d 128 (5th Cir.1978) (false exculpatory statements may be used ... as substantive evidence tending to prove guilt.). However, as the court stated in Jackson v. State, 435 So. 2d 984, 985 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983), approved, Whitfield v. State, 452 So. 2d 548 (Fla.1984), “there is a great distinction between the admission of such relevant evidence and the court’s instruction to the jury on how they should view the evidence.” In Jacks…

Previewing 3 of 8 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Authorities Cited

Full citator, related cases, and AI research tools

Open in FLexlaw