MICHAEL KEVIN COSTELLO, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 1st DCA | 1983-11-07
No. AS-352
442 So. 2d 990 Florida District Court of Appeal, First District (1983) Caution
Cited by 10 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.

Synopsis

Michael Costello appeals his cannabis manufacturing conviction, challenging the legality of a warrantless aerial search and subsequent seizure of marijuana from his rural property. The Florida First District Court of Appeal affirmed the denial of his suppression motions, holding that Costello had no reasonable expectation of privacy in marijuana plants visible from the air.


Holding

The warrantless aerial search and seizure were legal because Costello had no reasonable expectation of privacy in marijuana plants that were clearly visible from the air where the FDLE agents had a right to be. The authorities did not need a warrant to enter the property to seize the contraband because the area where the marijuana was visible had no reasonable expectation of privacy.


Headnotes

[1] A warrantless aerial search of an area is constitutional if the observed items are readily visible from the air and there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in the a…

[2] An individual has no reasonable expectation of privacy in contraband that is clearly visible from an area where law enforcement officers are lawfully present.

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Key Quotes

“such searches do not violate constitutional rights where there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched”

Establishes the legal standard for warrantless aerial searches

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Facts & Procedural History

FDLE agents conducted a warrantless aerial search from approximately 1,000 feet altitude and spotted what appeared to be marijuana growing on Costello…

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Opinion of the Court
MILLS, Judge.

MILLS, Judge.

Costello appeals his conviction for manufacturing cannabis. The trial court denied Costello’s ’dispositive motions to suppress. Costello then pled nolo contendere. The trial court withheld adjudication and sentenced Costello to five years probation. Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) agents, with assistance from the Columbia County Sheriffs Department, conducted a warrantless aerial search for marijuana. From an altitude of approximately one thousand feet, the FDLE agent piloting the airplane spotted what he thought to be a patch of growing marijuana. The pilot dropped to an altitude of approximately five hundred feet where he and the copilot confirmed the pilot’s suspicion. The pilot then radioed authorities on the ground who, without a search warrant and following the pilot’s directions, drove onto Costello’s property. They then located and seized the marijuana and arrested Costello who drove up shortly after the authorities arrived.

Costello contends the seized marijuana plants should have been suppressed because the warrantless aerial search and subsequent warrantless seizure were illegal. We disagree and affirm.

Costello and his wife live in their house on approximately ten acres in a rural section of Columbia County. The marijuana was not visible from the ground unless the observer was on Costello’s property. It was, however, readily visible from the air. Costello’s first point on appeal is that the warrantless aerial search was illegal. But we have held that such searches do not violate constitutional rights where there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched. Murphy v. State, 413 So. 2d 1268 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982).

Here, as in Murphy, the appellant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his marijuana patch. The marijuana was spotted from the air where the FDLE agents unquestionably had a right to be. The pilot first saw the marijuana from an altitude of approximately one thousand feet and made positive identification from approximately five hundred feet. In this circumstance, where the marijuana was clearly visible from an area not constitutionally protected, Costello had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his marijuana patch.

Costello’s next point on appeal is that the seizure of the marijuana was illegal even if the aerial search was legal because the authorities entered his property without a search warrant. Costello emphasizes the rural location of the property and several steps allegedly taken to insure privacy and solitude. But our conclusion that Costello had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his marijuana patch because of its clear visibility from the air also applies in determining the legality of the subsequent entry onto the property. Thus, the authorities did not need a warrant because they entered an area where there was no reasonable expectation of privacy. See Brennan v. State, 417 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982).

The situation here, where there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in the area observed, should be distinguished from the situation described in Ensor v. State, 403 So. 2d 349 (Fla.1981), where the observer is looking into an area where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. In that situation, a search warrant or an exception to the warrant requirement is necessary before the authorities enter to seize the contraband.

Costello’s last point on appeal, that statements he made after his arrest should have been suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree, is without merit because the search and seizure was legal.

The trial court’s denial of the motions to suppress is affirmed.

SHIVERS and ZEHMER, JJ., concur.


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Citator

Cited By

  • Diehl v. State, 461 So. 2d 157 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984)
    …nd seizure, and should be suppressed. Case law supports the right of a police officer to observe an “open field” by plane from above. This is a lawful vantage point, and such observation does not violate any constitutional right. Costello v. State, 442 So. 2d 990 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), Murphy v. State, 413 So. 2d 1268 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982), Brennan v. State, 417 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982). The intrusion onto the open field and seizure of the patch was legal since no reasonable expectation of privacy attaches…
  • State v. Bowen, 444 So. 2d 1009 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984)
    …of the plain-view doctrine. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971); State v. Rickard, 420 So. 2d 303 (Fla.1982). Nor were there any exigent circumstances justifying entry into the trailer. . Costello v. State, 442 So. 2d 990 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983) is factually distinguishable from the instant case because it does not appear from the Costello opinion that the property on which the marijuana was growing was within the backyard area of the defendant's residence. Costello was…
  • Masters v. State, 453 So. 2d 183 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984)
    …, this observation from such an unreasonably low altitude over the defendant’s protected curtilage was not made from a place where the police had a right to be. People v. Sneed, 32 Cal.App.3d 535, 108 Cal.Rptr. 146 (1973); compare Costello v. State, 442 So. 2d 990 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983); Brennan v. State, 417 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982); Murphy v. State, 413 So. 2d 1268 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982). Armed with this unconstitutionally-obtained helicopter observation, the police then confronted the defendant with their…

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