FRANKLIN B. BYSTROM, ETC., ET AL., PETITIONERS,
v.
MANUEL DIAZ, RESPONDENT.; ERNEST S. MARSHALL, ET UX., PETITIONERS, V. FRANK PERKINS, ETC., ET AL., RESPONDENTS

Fla. | 1987-09-10
Nos. 68995, 69502
McDonald, C.J., and OVERTON, EHRLICH, BARKETT, GRIMES and KOGAN, JJ., concur.
514 So. 2d 1072 Florida Supreme Court (1987) Caution
Cited by 60 cases

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Synopsis

The Florida Supreme Court consolidated two conflicting District Court of Appeal decisions regarding whether a taxpayer who fails to pay subsequently assessed taxes before they become delinquent can cure the jurisdictional defect by paying after delinquency. The Court held that Florida Statute § 194.171(5) and (6) create an incurable jurisdictional bar, and a court loses jurisdiction when a taxpayer fails to pay subsequent taxes before delinquency, regardless of later payment.


Holding

The Court held that subsections 194.171(5) and (6) create an incurable jurisdictional bar. A court loses jurisdiction when a taxpayer fails to pay subsequent taxes before delinquency, and payment after delinquency does not cure the defect. The statute's plain language requires payment before delinquency as a jurisdictional prerequisite, and neither amended pleadings nor subsequent payment can restore jurisdiction.


Headnotes

[1] A court loses subject matter jurisdiction over a tax challenge when the taxpayer fails to pay taxes assessed in subsequent years before they become delinquent, as require…

[2] A taxpayer's failure to pay taxes for a subsequent tax year before delinquency results in the loss of subject matter jurisdiction over challenges to both the current and…

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Key Quotes

“Subsection 194.171(5) plainly states that a taxpayer may not maintain a suit contesting a tax assessment, and that such an action 'shall be dismissed, unless all taxes on the property assessed in years after the action is brought, which the taxpayer in good faith admits to be owing, are paid before they become delinquent.'”

Establishes the plain language requiring payment before delinquency as a condition for maintaining a tax assessment challenge

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Facts & Procedural History

The Marshalls filed suit challenging a 1982 tax assessment. While the suit was pending, their 1984 taxes became delinquent on April 1, 1985. They paid…

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Opinion of the Court
SHAW, Justice.

SHAW, Justice.

We consolidate for review Diaz v. Bystrom, 487 So. 2d 1112 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986), and Marshall v.. Perkins, 494 So. 2d 506 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986). Diaz is in direct and express conflict with Marshall. We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const. The Marshalls filed suit challenging a 1982 tax assessment. While the suit was pending, the 1984 taxes became delinquent by operation of law on April 1, 1985. § 197.0124(1) Fla.Stat. (1985). The tax collector filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to subsections 194.171(5) and (6), Florida Statutes (1985), which provide in pertinent part:

(5) No action to contest a tax assessment may be maintained, and any such action shall be dismissed, unless all taxes on the property assessed in years after the action is brought, which the taxpayer in good faith admits to be owing, are paid before they become delinquent.

(6) The requirements of subsections (2), (3), and (5) are jurisdictional. No court shall have jurisdiction in such cases until after the requirements of both subsections (2) and (3) have been met. A court shall lose jurisdiction of a case when the taxpayer has failed to comply with the requirements of subsection (5).

(Emphasis added.)1 The Marshalls paid the taxes on April 15, 1985, and thereafter filed a motion to amend their complaint under Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.190. The trial court granted the motion to amend, but in the same order dismissed the action with prejudice on the grounds that the Marshalls failed to pay their 1984 taxes before they became delinquent in accordance with subsections 194.171(5) and (6).2

The Second District Court of Appeal affirmed the dismissal. The court rejected as meritless the Marshalls’ argument that the amended complaint cured the jurisdictional defect by showing that the 1984 taxes had been paid. The Marshalls base this argument on Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.190(c) which provides that claims or defenses asserted in an amended pleading will relate back to the date of the original pleading if they arise out of the originally claimed conduct, transaction, or occurrence. We reject this argument. The Mar-shalls’ payment of the 1984 taxes is not a claim or defense arising out of the original complaint contesting the 1982 tax assessment. Further, even if treated as relating back, the amended pleading did not and could not assert the crucial fact that the 1984 taxes were paid before they became delinquent as required by section 194.-171(5).

The Third District Court of Appeal, in contrast to Marshall, reversed a section 194.171(5) dismissal in Diaz, finding that the taxpayer’s delinquent payment, prior to dismissal, cured the jurisdictional defect. The facts are substantially similar. Diaz challenged the Property Appraisal Adjustment Board’s (PAAB) denial of his 1982 agricultural real property exemption and his 1982 tax assessment. The PAAB certified the assessment on September 26,1983. Property appraiser Bystrom certified the assessment for collection on October 25, 1983. While Diaz’s suit challenging the assessment was pending, his 1983 taxes became delinquent by operation of law on April 1, 1984. Accordingly, Bystrom moved for a dismissal pursuant to subsections 194.171(5) and (6). Diaz paid the delinquent taxes on May 30,1984, prior to the hearing on the motion to dismiss. The trial court dismissed the action with prejudice under subsections 194.171(5) and (6).

The district court, in reversing, placed significance on the fact that section 194.171 does not expressly create an incurable jurisdictional bar. Further, the court found that a complete jurisdictional bar is counterproductive to the legislative objective of insuring prompt payment of taxes due, and making available as revenues the amount of the tax assessment not disputed.

We disagree with this analysis. As the second district stated in Marshall,

[i]n Diaz the Third District attributed threshold significance to the absence of a statutory provision permitting the jurisdictional bar to be overcome by payment, albeit tardy. By holding that the timely payment of taxes is not a jurisdictional prerequisite to maintenance of an action contesting a tax assessment, the Third District has imported the absent language into the statute. The result in Diaz cannot logically be grounded upon the premise that any other construction would be counterproductive of the statute’s purpose to generate expendable revenue. The statute achieves that end without judicial refashioning. Its plain language leaves no one in doubt that if a challenge to the assessment is attempted, that challenge will not relieve the challenger of the obligation to pay successive years’ taxes. Indeed, the threat of an absolute impediment to continuing a judicial attack upon an assessment is a vastly greater source of inducement to meet the tax paying obligation than would be present in sanctioning the delayed delinquent payment by those disputing an assessment.

494 So. 2d at 507.

Although subsections 194.171(5) and (6) appear to be somewhat harsh, their meaning is clear. Subsection 194.171(5) plainly states that a taxpayer may not maintain a suit contesting a tax assessment, and that such an action “shall be dismissed, unless all taxes on the property assessed in years after the action is brought, which the taxpayer in good faith admits to be owing, are paid before they become delinquent.” Subsection (6) expressly declares that these requirements are jurisdictional and that “[a] court shall lose jurisdiction of a case when the taxpayer has failed to comply with the requirements of subsection (5).” The statute does not allow a court to retain jurisdiction once taxes become delinquent.

Marshall and Diaz both argue that a literal interpretation of section 194.171 unconstitutionally limits a taxpayer’s access to judicial relief in violation of article I, section 21, and article VII, section 13 of the Florida Constitution. Subsections 194.-171(5) and (6) supplement rather than conflict with article VII, section 13, which requires that all legally assessed taxes be paid before a court may grant relief from illegal taxes. Further, “[although courts are generally opposed to any burden being placed on the rights of aggrieved persons to enter the courts because of the constitutional guarantee of access, there may be reasonable restrictions prescribed by law.” Carter v. Sparkman, 335 So. 2d 802, 805 (Fla.1976), receded from on other grounds, Aldana v. Holub, 381 So. 2d 231 (Fla.1980). Examples of reasonable restrictions include “the fixing of a time within which suit must be brought, payment of reasonable cost deposits, [and] pursuit of certain administrative relief such as zoning matters or workmen’s compensation claims....” Id. As a prerequisite to maintaining suit, subsection 194.171(5) requires only that a taxpayer pay, prior to delinquency, the undisputed amount of taxes assessed while his suit is pending. This requirement does not unreasonably restrict a taxpayer’s access to court.

Neither do we find that subsections 194.171(5) and (6) deny the taxpayer due process of law. Due process requires that a taxpayer be given a meaningful opportunity to be heard. Diaz and Marshall each had such an opportunity, but forfeited it by failing to pay subsequently assessed taxes before delinquency.

Accordingly, we disapprove the third district court’s decision in Diaz and approve the second district court’s decision in Marshall. We remand to the third district court for further proceedings consistent herewith.

It is so ordered.

McDonald, C.J., and OVERTON, EHRLICH, BARKETT, GRIMES and KOGAN, JJ., concur. . The requirements set forth in subsection 194.-171(6) “apply to assessment rolls and taxes levied thereon for 1983 and each year thereafter." Ch. 83-204, § 43, Laws of Fla. In each of the instant cases, the delinquent taxes were assessed in 1983 or thereafter. . The subsections 194.171(2) and (3) filing requirements for an action contesting a tax assessment are not at issue in either of the instant cases.


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Citator

Cited By (30 total)

  • Neal v. State, 688 So. 2d 392 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997)
    …da Constitution. Article I, section 21, of the Florida Constitution guarantees the right of access to the courts for the purpose of redressing wrongs. It does not prohibit reasonable restrictions on the exercise of that right. E.g., Bystrom v. Diaz, 514 So. 2d 1072 (Fla.1987); Snyder v. Douglas, 647 So. 2d 275 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994); Department of Revenue v. Nu-Life Health and Fitness Center, 623 So. 2d 747 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992). Section 924.051(3) does not deprive one of the right to appeal. It merely re [*396] qui…
  • Markham v. Neptune Hollywood Beach Club, 527 So. 2d 814 (Fla. 1988)
    …. We agree with the Gulfside court that the plain meaning of subsection (6) requires that the sixty-day requirement of subsection (2) be construed as a jurisdictional statute of nonclaim rather than as a statute of limitations. See Bystrom v. Diaz, 514 So. 2d 1072 (Fla.1987) (under section 194.-171(6) compliance with the requirement of section 194.171(5) that a taxpayer pay, pri- or to delinquency, the undisputed amount of taxes assessed while his suit is pending is jurisdictional). The respondents appear to…
  • Markham v. Moriarty, 575 So. 2d 1307 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991)
    …to enter summary judgment in favor of petitioner. HERSEY, C.J., and STONE and POLEN, JJ., concur. . The Florida Supreme Court previously had determined that the jurisdictional requirements of § 194.171 must be strictly enforced in Bystrom v. Diaz, 514 So. 2d 1072, 1074 (Fla.1987). See also Markham v. Hinckley, 544 So. 2d 1139, 1140 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989).…

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