DELUCA

v.

MW INTERNATIONAL VENTURES LLC

According to the Complaint, Plaintiff worked for Defendants as an inside sales employee from March¹¹, 2024, to August 29, 2024. [D.E.¹ ¶¶ 9, 12]. Plaintiffs role

II. APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES AND LAW

In ruling on Defendants' motion to dismiss, the Court takes the allegations in the Complaint as true and construes the allegations “in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Rivell v. Private Heath Care Sys., Inc., 520 F. 3d 1308, 1309 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing Hoffman-Pugh v. Ramsey, 312 F. 3d 1222, 1225 (11th Cir. 2002)). “When considering a motion to dismiss, all facts . . . ‘are to be accepted as true and the court limits its consideration to the pleadings and exhibits attached thereto.” Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 F. 3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting GSW, Inc. v. Long City, 999 F. 2d 1508, 1510 (11th Cir. 1993)). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) "is granted only when the movant demonstrates that the complaint has failed to include 'enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Dusek v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 832 F. 3d 1243, 1246 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).

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"While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiffs obligation to provide the grounds of his entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions . . . .” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations and quotations omitted; alteration in original). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter . . . .” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A complaint does not suffice “if it tenders 'naked assertion[s]' devoid of 'further factual enhancement." Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557) (alteration in original). Factual content gives a claim facial plausibility. Id. “[A] court's duty to liberally construe a plaintiffs complaint in the face of a motion to dismiss is not the equivalent of a duty to re-write it for [the plaintiff]." Peterson v. Atlanta Hous. Auth., 998 F. 2d 904, 912 (11th Cir. 1993).

III. ANALYSIS

A. Principles of the FLSA

The FLSA mandates that an “employee[]" who is “engaged in interstate commerce" must be paid an overtime wage of one and one-half times their regular rate for all hours they work in excess of forty hours per week. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a). If a covered employee is not paid the statutory wage, the FLSA creates for that employee a private cause of action against their employer for the recovery of unpaid overtime wages and backpay. Id. § 216(b). [fn 2] As defined by the statute, and subject to certain exceptions, an employee is “any individual employed by an employer." Id. §

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203(e)(1). The statutory definition of “employer” is similarly broad; it encompasses both the employer for whom the employee directly works as well as “any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee." Id. § 203(d). Therefore, the FLSA contemplates that a covered employee may file suit directly against an employer that fails to pay him the statutory wage or may make a derivative claim against any person who (1) acts on behalf of that employer and (2) asserts control over conditions of the employee's employment. See Patel v. Wargo, 803 F. 2d 632, 637-38 (11th Cir. 1986) (citing Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F. 2d 1509, 1511 (1st Cir. 1983)) (explaining that a person is derivatively liable if he is intimately involved in the day-to-day operations of an employer that would be directly liable under FLSA).

To qualify for FLSA overtime, an employee must demonstrate that he is covered by the FLSA. See Josendis v. Wall to Wall Residence Repairs, Inc., 662 F. 3d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 2011). There are two possible types of FLSA coverage. See, e.g., Ares v. Manuel Diaz Farms, Inc., 281 F. 3d 1054, 1056 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)). First, an employee may claim “individual coverage" if he regularly and “directly participat[es] in the actual movement of persons or things in interstate commerce." Thorne v. All Restoration Servs., Inc., 448 F. 3d 1264, 1266 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 776.23(d)(2) (2005); 29 C.F.R. § 776.24 (2005)); see also 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1) (mandating time-and-a-half for “employees . . . engaged in [interstate] commerce or in the production of goods for [interstate] commerce”). Second, an employee is subject to enterprise coverage if he is "employed in an

B. Whether Plaintiff States a Claim for FLSA Coverage

Defendants' motion makes two arguments that both separately allege that Plaintiff fails to state a claim. [D.E.⁷ at 4-6]. First, Defendants contend that Plaintiff failed to “allege any facts to support any claim that Plaintiff was misclassified as an exempt employee" and instead “relies entirely on threadbare and boilerplate assertions that simply track the elements of the FLSA's white-collar exemption tests." Id. at 4. Second, Defendants allege that Plaintiff's "own admissions, in other public records, confirm that he was an exempt employee." Id. at

6.

As an initial matter and regarding Plaintiff's public records admissions, the scope of our review of the motion to dismiss is "limited to the four corners of the complaint." St. George v. Pinellas Cty., 285 F. 3d 1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002); see Cubas v. Tennis View Condo. Ass’n, Inc., No. 06-22072-CIV, 2007 WL 9703424, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 22, 2007) ("The scope of the court's review of a motion to dismiss is

Turning to Defendants' remaining argument as to Plaintiffs alleged facts, Defendants' stated issue with Plaintiffs misclassification claim is somewhat of a red herring. It is true that to bring any claim under the FLSA, Plaintiff must demonstrate that he is covered under the FLSA. Josendis, 662 F. 3d at 1299. Plaintiff here alleges that his "work did not meet the criteria for any exemption under the FLSA" and "Defendants improperly classified him as exempt to evade their obligation to pay the required overtime compensation.” [D.E.¹ ¶ 17]. For his part, Plaintiffs Complaint and opposition to this motion provide little context regarding what category of employee he was allegedly misclassified as, but ultimately appear to agree with Defendants in a footnote that the misapplied classification was that of an "administrative exemption." See [D.E.⁹ at 7 n.2]. [fn 3]

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But Defendants' argument seems to conflate Plaintiffs allegations as to his misclassification with a failure to meet the pleading standard under the FLSA, generally. For instance, the case Defendants cite for the proposition that “[c]ourts in this district and around the country have consistently dismissed complaints that rest on similarly formulaic allegations of FLSA liability," Sanchez v. Piripi VMP, LLC, does not even discuss an executive/administrative exemption (or, any other exemption, for that matter). [D.E.⁷ at 5] (citing Sanchez v. Piripi VMP, LLC, No. 15- 24166-CIV, 2016 WL 950954, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Mar.⁷, 2016)). Sanchez states only that a Court in this District "agree[d] with the Defendants that th[e] complaint merely contain[ed] a formulaic recitation of the elements of a FLSA cause of action.” 2016 WL 950954, at *2 (emphasis added).

That Plaintiffs allegations as to his misclassification hew closely to the tenets of the exemption is perhaps somewhat unavoidable—his non-exempt status would administrative, or professional capacity or in the capacity of outside salesman . . . .” Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Ass’n, 575 U.S. 92, 97 (2015).

An employee can demonstrate individual coverage if they "regularly and 'directly participat[e] in the actual movement of persons or things in interstate commerce." Josendis, 662 F. 3d at 1298 (citing Thorne, 448 F. 3d at 1266). Moreover, "[t]o properly allege individual or enterprise coverage, [the Plaintiff] need not do much. Aside from stating the nature of his work and the nature of [his employer's] business, he must provide only straightforward allegations connecting that work to

Plaintiff alleges the following, as relevant here:

9. Plaintiff was employed by Defendants from March 11, 2024, until his unlawful termination on August 29, 2024.
10. Plaintiff regularly worked a minimum of fifty (50) hours per week, including Monday through Friday and occasional weekends.
11. Though Plaintiff worked overtime each week, Defendants did not compensate Plaintiff for the overtime hours at the time-and-a-half rate required by the FLSA.
12. Plaintiff, an inside sales employee, was not covered by any FLSA exemption.
13. Plaintiff's primary duties did not involve performing work related to the management or general business operations of Social Mobile or its customers.
14. Plaintiff did not supervise or manage employees and had no direct reports, nor did he exercise independent authority over significant matters. Instead, his sales work required leadership approval for deals, pricing, and other significant decisions.
15. Plaintiff[] almost exclusively worked remotely[] and did not customarily and regularly engage in sales activities outside of his home or employer's office.
16. Plaintiff was subject to close oversight by Defendants, including the use of a shared calendar system for visibility into his activities, submission of weekly reports, and increased micromanagement from [the] Director of Strategic Partnerships[,] Joseph Edwards, his direct supervisor, who required detailed weekly activity reporting.
17. Plaintiff's work did not meet the criteria for any exemption under the FLSA. However, Defendants improperly classified him as exempt to evade their obligation to pay the required overtime compensation.

20. Social Mobile was an employer engaged in interstate commerce and subject to the FLSA. 21. The work was customarily, continually, and regularly performed by two or more employees, including Plaintiff.

[D.E.¹ at 2-3]. In other words, and somewhat to Defendants' earlier (albeit misplaced) point about tracking the executive exemption definition, Plaintiff's Complaint is replete with allegations about what he did not do or what he was not as

Moreover, there is no indication as to what Social Mobile does, or what Plaintiff did for Social Mobile, to substantiate the assertion that “Social Mobile was an employer engaged in interstate commerce and subject to the FLSA.” [D.E.¹ at 2–3] ("Plaintiff . . . did not customarily and regularly engage in sales activities outside of his home or employer's office.") (emphasis added); Ceant, 874 F. Supp. 2d at 1378; see Perez v. Muab, Inc., No. 10-62441-CIV, 2011 WL 845818, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Mar.⁷, 2011) ("In the present action, Plaintiff alleges only that ‘during her employment with Muab, Inc., was engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce.' . . . This is a mere recitation of the statutory language.”). And there is no factual assertion as to what Plaintiff actually did, generally—i.e., the nature of his work. Ceant, 874 F. Supp. 2d at 1378. Plaintiff alleges that he was “an inside sales employee," but provides no additional context as to what this means relative to either him or Social Mobile engaging in interstate commerce—just that he “did not” “perform[] work related to the management or general business operations of Social Mobile or its customers." [D.E.¹ ¶¶ 12, 13].

As Plaintiff's opposition to the motion to dismiss concedes, a complaint does not "suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]' devoid of further factual enhancement.” [D.E.⁹ at 3] (citing Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678). While true that the FLSA has no heightened pleading standard and there need not be "super detailed factual allegations," Plaintiff does need to make some factual allegations about the nature of

Accordingly, we RECOMMEND granting Defendants' motion to dismiss. However, in recognition that “the requirements to state a claim of a FLSA violation are quite straightforward,” Labor v. Labbe, 319 F. App’x 761, 763 (11th Cir. 2008), we

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we hereby RECOMMEND that Defendants' motion to dismiss be GRANTED and, further, that Plaintiff be GRANTED leave to amend the Complaint.

Pursuant to Local Magistrate Rule 4(b) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 73, the parties have fourteen (14) days from service of this Report and Recommendation within which to file written objections, if any, with the District Judge. Failure to timely file objections shall bar the parties from de novo determination by the District Judge of any factual or legal issue covered in the Report and shall bar the parties from challenging on appeal the District Judge's Order based on any unobjected-to factual or legal conclusions included in the Report. 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1); 11th Cir. R. 3-1; see, e.g., Patton v. Rowell, 678 F. App'x 898 (11th Cir. 2017); Cooley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 671 F. App'x 767 (11th Cir. 2016).

DONE AND SUBMITTED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, this 9th day of April, 2025.

/s/ Edwin G. Torres

EDWIN G. TORRES

United States Magistrate Judge

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[fn¹]: On March 14, 2025, the Honorable Jacqueline Becerra referred Defendants' motion to the undersigned Magistrate Judge for a report and recommendation. [D.E. 15].

[fn 2]: Section 216(b) provides in relevant part, “[a]ny employer who violates the provisions of [29 U.S.C. § 207] shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of . . . their unpaid overtime compensation . . . and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages." 29 U.S.C. § 216(b).

[fn 3]: “Certain classes of employees . . . are exempt from [the FLSA] provisions. Among these exempt individuals are those employed in a bona fide executive,

[fn⁴]: As to executive employees, the Code of Federal Regulations provides: (a) The term "employee employed in a bona fide executive capacity” in section 13(a)(1) of the Act shall mean any employee: (1) Compensated on a salary basis at not less than the level set forth in § 541.600; (2) Whose primary duty is management of the enterprise in which the employee is employed or of a customarily recognized department or subdivision thereof; (3) Who customarily and regularly directs the work of two or more other employees; and (4) Who has the authority to hire or fire other employees or whose suggestions and recommendations as to the hiring, firing, advancement, promotion or any other change of status of other employees is given particular weight.

[fn⁵]: 29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a). We assume for the purposes of this analysis that Plaintiff is claiming only individual coverage under the FLSA, as there is no allegation that Social Mobile “is an enterprise whose annual gross volume of sales made or business done is not less than $500,000,” or, for that matter, is an enterprise at all (as defined in the statute). See 29 U.S.C. § 203(r)(1), (s)(1)(A)(ii). To the extent Plaintiff is alleging enterprise coverage, he has not sufficiently pled that Social Mobile is an enterprise. See Josendis, 662 F. 3d at 1298-299. C.f. Gonzalez v. Unidad of Miami Beach, Inc., No. 11-20649-CIV, 2011 WL 2983671, at *2 (S.D. Fla. July 22, 2011) (denying motion to dismiss where complaint had proper allegations as to the defendant's enterprise status, including as to revenue).

[fn 6]: We do note, however, that Plaintiffs allegations as to Morcos (that "[d]uring the relevant period, Morcos operated the day-to-day activities of Social Mobile, had supervisory authority over Plaintiff, and was partially or totally responsible for paying Plaintiff in accordance with the FLSA” and that "[d]uring the relevant period, Morcos was an owner, corporate officer, and operator of Social Mobile") would be sufficient to allege that Morcos was an employer under the FLSA. See Patel, 803 F. 2d at 638 (citing Donovan, 712 F. 2d at 1514) (“[C]orporate officers with a significant ownership interest who had operational control of significant aspects of the corporation's day to day functions, including compensation of employees . . .' were employers within the meaning of the FLSA.”). But that would be true only if Plaintiff successfully pled FLSA coverage (which, again, he did not). In any event, “a corporate officer with operational control of a corporation's covered enterprise is an employer along with the corporation, jointly and severally liable under the FLSA for unpaid wages." Id. at 637-38 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We also note that employer liability does not hinge on the existence of an enterprise. Id. at 635 ("[T]here is no case which holds that the analysis of liability under the FLSA is the same as the analysis of the existence of an enterprise under the FLSA. . . . Thus, the obligation is on each employer to pay 'each of his employees.'") (citing 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)) (emphasis in original).