IN RE STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES

Fla. | 1989-03-30

No. 73033

EHRLICH, C.J., and OVERTON, McDonald, shaw, barkett, GRIMES and KOGAN, JJ., concur.

543 So. 2d 1205 Florida Supreme Court (1989) Caution

Cited by 88 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.

Synopsis

The Florida Supreme Court approved proposed amendments to the Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases submitted by the Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal). The amendments reflect recent legislative changes in Florida criminal law, including revisions to the entrapment defense, justifiable use of force by law enforcement, capital sentencing aggravating circumstances, weapons offenses, drug crimes, RICO offenses, and other criminal statutes.

Holding

The Florida Supreme Court approved all proposed amendments to the Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, with the understanding that the notes and comments reflect only the committee's opinion and are not necessarily indicative of the Court's views on their correctness or applicability.

Headnotes

[1] Jury instructions regarding entrapment must be revised to reflect statutory changes and include a definition of "predisposition."

[2] Jury instructions concerning the justifiable use of force by law enforcement officers must be amended to align with statutory revisions.

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Key Quotes

“We approve for publication these recommended amendments. We caution all interested persons, however, that the notes and comments reflect only the opinion of the committee and are not necessarily indicative of the views of this Court as to their correctness or applicability.”
The Court's standard caveat regarding jury instruction amendments, indicating that the committee's explanatory notes do not represent the Court's substantive position on the instructions' legal correctness.

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Facts & Procedural History

The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal) submitted two petitions proposing amendments to the Florida Standard Jury Instruc…

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Topics

Bookmaking Concealed Weapon Florida Standard Jury Instructions Aggravating Circumstances In Capital Sentencing

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Opinion of the Court

PER CURIAM.

The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal) has submitted two petitions which propose amendments to the Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases. The petitions are set forth below, and the exhibits referred to therein are appended to the end of this opinion:

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO FLORIDA STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES (88-1)

To: CHIEF JUSTICE AND JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA

Your committee recommends the following revisions to the Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases. Most of the proposed revisions are the same as those published in the January 1, 1988, issue of the Florida Bar News. A few changes have been made based on responses to the proposals as published, and some additional proposals that the committee believes are noncontroversial have been added. Following the order in which the instructions appear in The Florida Bar’s jury instructions manual, the changes recommended and the reasons for the changes are provided below. To the extent possible, wording to be deleted is indicated by strike through marks and wording to be added is underlined.

1.Page 39 of the Bar’s manual provides an instruction on entrapment. Chapter ST-243, Section 42, Laws of Florida, creates Section 777.201, Florida Statutes, which redefines the entrapment defense. Instructions incorporating the new law are provided in Exhibit 1. The new instruction is for offenses occurring on or after October 1, 1987. The committee decided to retain the current instruction for use when the offense occurred before October 1,1987. An additional proposed change to both of the instructions is the addition of a definition of “predisposition.” In particular, the court’s attention to the final paragraph of the new instruction is requested.

2. Pages 45c and 45d of the manual provide the current instruction on justifiable use of force by law enforcement officers. Chapter 87-147, Laws of Florida, amends Section 776,05, Florida Statutes, to redefine justifiable use of force by an officer. A revised instruction to reflect the statutory change is provided in Exhibit 2.

3. Pages 77 through 82 of the manual provide instructions on penalty proceedings in capital cases. Chapter 87-368, Section 1, Laws of Florida, creates Section 921.-141(5)(j), Florida Statutes, which provides an additional aggravating circumstance to be considered by the jury. The committee therefore proposes the addition of paragraph 10 to the list on pages 78 and 79 of the manual as follows:

10. The victim of the crime for which defendant is to be sentenced was a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of the officer’s official duties.

4. Page 97 of the manual provides for the offense of carrying concealed weapons. A change to paragraph 2 of that instruction is proposed as follows:

2. The (weapon alleged) was concealed from the ordinary sight of another person others-who-might-casually observe the defendant.

Support for the current wording comes from Ensor v. State, 403 So. 2d 349, 354 (Fla.1981), but the committee believes that the instruction should be amended to conform to the statutory definition of “concealed weapon” in Section 790.001(3)(a), Florida Statutes (1987).

5. Page 98 of the manual provides an instruction based on Section 790.05, Florida Statutes (1981). That law was repealed in 1987; therefore, the instruction should be removed. See Chapter 87-24, Laws of Florida.

6. Page 99 of the manual provides an instruction based on Section 790.07(1) and (2), Florida Statutes. A change in paragraph lb is proposed as follows:

b. [carried a [weapon] [firearm], which was concealed from the ordinary sight of another person others-who might casually-observe him.]

The reason for this change is the same as the one in paragraph 4 above.

7. Page 102 provides an instruction on Section 790.15, Florida Statutes. The committee recommends amending paragraphs a and b of the instruction as follows:

a. [ (Defendant) knowingly discharged a firearm in a public place.] b. [ (Defendant) knowingly discharged a firearm on the right of way of a paved road, highway or street.]

The word “knowingly” is included in paragraph c of the current instruction and should be inserted in paragraphs a and b as shown.

8. Regarding page 103 of the manual, paragraph 3b should be amended as follows:

b. [a disruption of governmental commerce.]

Although the wording of the Section 790.-161, Florida Statutes, may be ambiguous, the committee believes that “governmental” modifies only “operations” and not “commerce.”

9. Pages 111 and 112 provide instructions for Sections 790.221 and 790.23, Florida Statutes, respectively. The committee proposes the addition of a definition of “possess” to those instructions. The definition proposed is the same as the one used in the drug possession instructions. Exhibit 3 provides the full instructions with the definition of “possess” added. Paragraph 2 of the instruction on Section 790.23 also is amended to conform to the statute.

10. Page 147 provides an instruction on theft. Section 812.014, Florida Statutes, was amended by Chapter 87-376, Laws of Florida. A revised instruction to incorporate the changes in the law is provided in Exhibit 4.

11. The instructions on pages 150 and 151 cover dealing in stolen property. The effect of Section 812.028(3), Florida Statutes, is not provided for in the current instructions. The amendments shown in Exhibit 5 are intended to incorporate that statute.

12. The robbery instruction on page 155 of the manual needs to conform to Section 812.13, Florida Statutes, as amended by Chapter 87-315, Laws of Florida. Exhibit 6 provides the proposed instruction.

13. Pages 163 and 164 provide the instruction for contributing to delinquency and to dependency. The wording of the instruction on page 163 does not need to be revised. Most of the wording on page 164, however, is based on former delinquency and dependency definitions that have been revised several times. The committee intends to propose a revised instruction in the future but, for now, recommends the deletion of the instruction on page 164. Instead, a note should replace the instruction on that page as follows:

Note to Judge: Prepare the definition of “delinquency” or of “dependency” based on the statutory definitions in effect at the time of the alleged offense. See F.S. 39.01.

14. Page 216 provides an instruction on bookmaking. Section 849.25, Florida Statutes, was amended by Chapter 87-243, Section 48, Laws of Florida. A revised instruction incorporating the 1987 amendments is proposed. See Exhibit 7.

15. Pages 219 through 250 provide instructions for drug abuse and drug trafficking offenses under Chapter 893, Florida Statutes. Chapter 87-243, Laws of Florida, amends several statutes covered by those instructions. Revisions to the affected instructions are proposed. See Exhibit 8.

16. Currently there are no instructions for prosecutions under Chapter 895, Florida Statutes. Proposed instructions are provided in Exhibit 9. 17. Pages 261 and 262 provide a comment on the schedule of lesser included offenses. Based on changes in the law since 1981, the committee has revised the comment. See Exhibit 10 for the revised comment.

18. The “SCHEDULE OF LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES” is provided on pages 263 through 284 of the manual. The committee has not reviewed each offense listed in the schedule in light of recent opinions that may affect the table. Nevertheless, some needed changes have been identified by the committee as shown in Exhibit 11.

Respectfully submitted, /s/ Harry Lee Coe III Harry Lee Coe, Chair

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO FLORIDA STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES (88-2)

TO: CHIEF JUSTICE AND JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA

Your committee met on November 18, 1988, to review 1988 legislation that affects the standard jury instructions. Several changes in the instructions are needed, and the committee believes they can be made without following the normal procedure of publishing proposed instructions in The Florida Bar News. The committee requests that those changes (provided below) be considered along with the proposals in the committee’s previous report (88-1).

I. The aggravating circumstances for the jury to consider in a capital offense are provided on pages 78 and 79 of the manual. An instruction on a new circumstance is proposed in the previous report (88-1). Chapter 88-381, § 10, Laws of Florida, created Section 921.141(5)(k), a new aggravating circumstance. The committee, therefore, proposes adding another new paragraph as follows:

II. The victim of the crime for which the defendant is to be sentenced was an elected or appointed official engaged in the performance of his official duties and the crime was related, in whole or in part, to the victim’s official capacity.

2.Section 784.045, Florida Statutes, was amended by Chapter 88-344, § 3, Laws of Florida, to create a new aggravated battery offense. The committee, therefore, proposes that paragraph 2 of its instruction on page 90 of the manual be amended as follows:

2. (Defendant) in committing the battery a. [intentionally or knowingly caused [great bodily harm to (victim)]] [permanent disability to (victim)]] [permanent disfigurement to (victim) ]] b. [used a deadly weapon.] c. fknew or should have known that (victim) was pregnant.]

3. The court in State v. Potts 526 So. 2d 63 (Fla.1988) found section 790.07(2) “unconstitutional to the extent it purports to penalize a person who is under indictment.” Paragraph 2 of the jury instruction on page 99 of the manual, therefore, should be amended by striking “[under indictment or information]” and by removing the brackets from “[committing or attempting to commit the felony of (felony alleged)].”

4. Section 790.161, Florida Statutes, was amended by Chapter 88-381, § 44, Laws of Florida. The instruction on page 103 of the manual, therefore, should be amended as shown in Exhibit 12, which incorporates another change suggested in the (88-1) report.

5. Section 790.162, Florida Statutes, was amended by Chapter 88-381, § 45, Laws of Florida. The instruction on page 104 of the manual, therefore, should be amended as shown in Exhibit 13.

6. Chapter 88-381, § 46, Laws of Florida, amends Section 806.111(l)(b), Florida Statutes, which defines “fire bomb.” The definition in the instruction on page 129 of the manual should be amended to conform to the statute as follows:

"A ‘fire bomb’ is a container containing flammable liquid or combustible liquid, or any incendiary chemical mixture or compound, having a wick or similar device capable of being ignited or other means capable of causing ignition; but no device commercially manufactured primarily for the purpose of illumination, heating or cooking, shall be deemed to be such a fire bomb.”

7. In Thomas v. State, 531 So. 2d 708 (Fla.1988), the court overruled previous decisions that distinguished between common and uncommon devices as burglary tools. The instruction on page 138 of the manual should be revised to conform to that decision. Paragraph 2b of the instruction should be removed, and the instructions in the margin related to paragraph 2 should be deleted. The “a” in front of the remaining paragraph 2 also should be deleted.

8. Chapter 88-151, § 4, Laws of Florida, amends Section 827.04, Florida Statutes, concerning child abuse. The instruction on page 161 of the manual needs to be amended to conform to the statute. Paragraph 1 of the instruction, therefore, should be amended to read:

1. (Defendant) [willfully] [by culpable negligence] [knowingly]:

[[deprived (victim) of] [allowed (victim) to be deprived of] necessary food, clothing, shelter or medical treatment.] [inflicted or permitted the infliction of [physical] [mental] injury to (victim).]

9. Chapter 88-381, § 51, Laws of Florida, amends Section 843.02, Florida Statutes, concerning the offense of resisting an officer without violence. To conform the instruction to the statute, paragraph 1 on page 196 of the manual should be revised to read:

1. (Defendant) [resisted] [obstructed] [opposed] (victim).

10. Chapter 88-122, § 78, Laws of Florida, amended Section 951.23, Florida Statutes, adding “a county residential probation center” to the definition of “county detention facility.” The instruction on page 257 of the manual should be amended to conform to the statute as shown in Exhibit 14.

11.The committee in its previous report (88-1) recommended the addition of a note regarding all drug trafficking offenses listed in the Schedule of Lesser Included Offenses. The note cites “Dauphin v. State, 511 So. 2d 1037 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), cert. pending (case No. 70,995, Fla.S.Ct.).” The correct case name actually is “Daophin v. State” but of more importance the decision of the district court was reversed on October 20, 1988. The note, therefore, should not be approved.

The committee is drafting other amendments to existing instructions and some new instructions based on 1988 legislation, all of which need to be published in the Bar News. Those instructions will be submitted no sooner than March 1989.

Respectfully submitted,

/s/ Harry Lee Coe Harry Lee Coe, Chair

We approve for publication these recommended amendments.* We caution all interested persons, however, that the notes and comments reflect only the opinion of the committee and are not necessarily indicative of the views of this Court as to their correctness or applicability.

It is so ordered.

EHRLICH, C.J., and OVERTON, McDonald, shaw, barkett, GRIMES and KOGAN, JJ., concur. EXHIBIT 1

3.04(c)(1) ENTRAPMENT

Note to Judge

This instruction is for offenses occurring before October 1, 1987.

The defense of entrapment has been raised. This means that (defendant) claims he had no prior intention to commit the offense and that he committed it only because he was persuaded or caused to commit the offense by law enforcement officers.

(Defendant) was entrapped if:

1. he had no prior intention to commit (crime charged), but

2. he was persuaded, induced or lured into committing the offense and

3. the person who persuaded, induced or lured him into committing the offense was a law enforcement officer, or someone acting for the officer. It is not entrapment if (defendant) had the predisposition to commit (crime charged). (Defendant) had tne predisposition if, before any law~enforcement officer or person acting for the officer persuaded, induced, or lured (defendant), he had a readiness or willingness to commit (crime charged) if the presented itself.

When claim of entrapment no defense Give a, b or c as applicable

However It is also not entrapment merely because a law enforcement officer in a good faith attempt to detect crime:

a. [provided the defendant the opportunity, means and facilities to commit the offense, which the defendant intended to commit and would have committed otherwise] b. [used tricks, decoys or subterfuge to expose the defendant’s criminal acts.] c. [was present and pretending to aid or assist in the commission of the offense.]

On the issue of entrapment, the State must convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not (NEW INSTRUCTION)

3.04(c)(2) ENTRAPMENT

Note to Judge

This instruction is to be used for offenses occurring on or after October 1, 1987.

The defense of entrapment has been raised. (Defendant) was entrapped if

1. he was, for the purpose of obtaining evidence of the commission of a crime, induced or encouraged to engage in conduct constituting the crime of (crime charged), and

2. he engaged in such conduct as the direct result of such inducement or encouragement, and

3. the person who induced or encouraged him was a law enforcement officer or a person engaged in cooperating with or acting as an agent of a law enforcement officer, and

4. the person who induced or encouraged him employed methods of persuasion or inducement which created a substantial risk that the crime would be committed by a person other than one who was ready to commit it, and

5. (Defendant) was not a person who was ready to commit the crime.

It is not entrapment if (defendant) had the predisposition to commit the (crime charged). (Defendant) had the predisposition if before any law enforcement officer or person acting for the officer persuaded, induced, or lured (defendant), he had a readiness or willingness to commit (crime charged) if the opportunity presented itself.

It is also not entrapment merely because a law enforcement officer in a good faith attempt to detect crime (a) [provided the defendant the opportunity, means and facilities to commit the offense, which the defendant intended to commit and would have committed otherwise.] (b) [used tricks, decoys or subterfuge to expose the defendant’s criminal acts.] (c) [was present and pretending to aid or assist in the commission of the offense.]

On the issue of entrapment, the defendant must prove to you by a preponderance of the evidence that his criminal conduct occurred as the result of entrapment.

EXHIBIT 2

3.04(f) JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER

In making an arrest of a felon F.S. 776.05 Give if applicable

A law enforcement officer, or any person he has summoned or directed to assist him, need not retreat from or stop efforts to make a lawful arrest because of resistance or threatened resistance to the arrest. The officer is justified in the use of any force that he reasonably believes necessary to defend himself or another from bodily harm while making the arrest. That force is also justifiable when necessarily used:

1. in retaking a felon person who has been convicted of a felony-and who has escaped, or

2. in arresting a felon person who has been convicted of a-felony and who is fleeing from justice.

Force in making unlawful arrest prohibited F.S. 776.051(2) Give if applicable

Use of any force by a law enforcement officer or any person summoned or directed to assist the law enforcement officer is not justified if:

1. The arrest is unlawful, mid

2. It is known by the officer or the person assisting him to be unlawful.

In making an arrest of a suspected fleeing felon Tennessee v. Garner (U.S.Sup.Ct,1985), 53 LW-4410 Give 1(a), or (b) or (c) as applicable

1. In arresting a suspected felon who is fleeing from justice, an law enforcement officer is justified in the can use of any force likely to cause-death or great bodily harm, if (a) the law enforcement officer has probable cause to reasonably believes that the suspected fleeing felon poses a threat of death or serious physical harm,either to the officer or to others.;or Define felon (b) the suspected felon has threatened the law enforcement officer with ⅛-weapon.

(e) the law enforcement officer has probable cause to reasonably believes that the suspected fleeing felon has committed a crime involving the infliction or the threatened infliction of serious physical harm to another person.

Read if 1(a), (b)-or-(c)

If the law enforcement officer has an opportunity-to do so he must give the suspected -felon warning that he is-about to use force likely to cause death or great bodily-harm, POSSESSION OF FORBIDDEN FIREARMS

F.S. 790.221

asonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) [owned] [had in his care, custody, possession or control] a (firearm alleged).

2. The (firearm alleged) was one that was, or could readily be made, operable.

Defenses

If you find that the (firearm alleged) was lawfully owned and possessed under provisions of the federal law, you shall find the defendant not guilty.

Definitions; plicable give as ap-This law does not apply to antique firearms, “Care” and. “custody” mean immediate charge and control exercised by a person over the named object. The terms care, custody and control may be used interchangeable.

A [“short-barreled rifle”] [“short-barreled shotgun”] [“machine gun”] is legally defined as (adapt from F.S. 790.001(9), or as the An “antique firearm” is legally defined as (adapt from F.S. 790.001(1) as required by the allegations).

To “Possess” means to have personal charge of or exercise the right of ownership, management or control over the thing possessed.

Possession may be actual or constructive. If a tiling is in the hand of or on the person; or in a bag or container m the hand of or on the person, or is so close as to be within ready reach and is under the control of the person, it is in the actual possession of that person.

If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which tne person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that persoiñ

"Possession may be joint, that is, two or more persons may jointly have possession of an article, exercising control over it!~ In that case, each of those persons is considered to be in possession of that article.

If a person does not have exclusive possession of a thing, knowledge of its presence mav not be inferred or assumed. FELON S PÜ5SESSIN G WEAPONS-F.S. 790.23

asonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) had been convicted of (prior offense).

2. After the conviction (defendant) Give 2a or 2b as applicable a. [owned] [had in his care, custody, possession or control] [a firearm.] [an electric weapon or device] [a concealed weapon.] b. [carried a (weapon alleged), which was concealed from the ordinary sight of another person, others who-might casually observe him.]

Defense

If you find that the defendant’s civil rights had been restored at the time of the offense, you shall find the defendant not guilty.

Definitions

“Convicted” means that a judgment has been entered in a criminal proceeding by a competent court pronouncing the accused guilty.

A [“firearm”] [“electric weapon or device”] [“concealed weapon”] is legally defined as (adapt from F.S. 790.001 as required by the allegations).

Give if 2b alleged

“Care” and “custody” mean immediate charge and control exercised by a person over the named object. The terms care, custody and control may be used interchangeably.

ossessed.

If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which the person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that person.

Possession may be joint, that is, two or more persons may jointly have possession of an article, exercising control over it. In that case, each of those persons is considered to be in possession of that article.

EXHIBIT 4

THEFT F.S. 812.014

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Theft, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

and unlawfully [obtained] [used] [endeavored to obtain] [endeavored to use] the (property alleged) of (victim).

2. He did so with intent to, either temporarily or permanently,

[deprive (victim) of his right to the property or any benefit from it.]

[appropriate the property of (victim) to his own use or to the use of not entitled to Degrees; give if property is of monetary value up to extent of charge

The punishment provided-by law for the crime of theft is greater-depending upen-the value of the property taken. Therefore, If you find the defendant guilty of theft, you must determine by your verdict whether:

a. |The value of the properly taken was $100,000 or more.l aJ>. [The value of the property taken was $20,000 or more but less than $100,000.1 b»c. [The value of the property taken was $300 or more but less than $20,000.] e,d. [The value of the property taken was less than $300.]

Give if applicable e. fThe property was [a will, codicil, or other testamentary instrument.] [a firearm,] [a motor vehicle.] [a horse.] fa cow.] [a pig.l [a kind of livestock.] [a fire extinguisher.] [2000 or more pieces of fruit.] ftaken from a posted construction site.]]

Inferences; give if applicable P.S. 812.022(1)

Proof that a person presented false identification not current in respect to name, address, place of employment or other material aspect in connection with the leasing of personal property, or failed to return leased property within 72 hours of the termination of the leasing agreement, unless satisfactorily explained, gives rise to an inference that the property was obtained or is now used with unlawful intent to commit theft.

Inferences; give if applicable F.S. 812.022(2)

Proof of possession of recently stolen property, unless satisfactorily explained, give rise to an inference that the person in possession of the property knew or should have known that the property had been stolen.

Definitions; give if applicable P.S. 812.012(2)

“Obtains or uses” means any manner of:

(a) Taking or exercising control over property.

(b) Making any unauthorized use, disposition, or transfer of property.

(d) 1. Conduct previously known as stealing; larceny; purloining; abstracting; embezzlement; misapplication; misappropriation; conversion; or obtaining money or property by false pretenses, fraud, or deception; or

2. Other conduct similar in nature.

“Endeavor” means to attempt or try.

P.S. 812.012(3)

real property, including things growing on, affixed to and found in land;

F.S. 812.012(5)

“Services” means anything of value resulting from a person’s physical or mental labor or skill, or from the use, possession or presence of property, and includes:

repairs or improvements to property;

professional services;

private, public or government communication, transportation, power, water or sanitation services;

lodging accommodations; and admissions to places of exhibition or entertainment.

Note to Judge

It is error to inform the jury of a prior conviction. Therefore, do not read the allegation of prior conviction or send the information or indictment into the jury room. The historical fact of a previous conviction shall be determined by the judge, and shall thereby fix the degree of the crime. State of Florida v. Harris, 356 So. 2d 315 (Fla.1978).

F.S. 812.012(9)

“Value” means

The market value of the property at the time and place of the offense, or if that value cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, the cost of replacement of the property within a reasonable time after the offense.

In the case of a written instrument that does not have a readily ascertainable market value, such as a check, draft or promissory note, the value is the amount due or collectible.

In the case of any other instrument that creates, releases, discharges or otherwise affects any valuable legal right, privilege or obligation, the value is the greatest amount of economic loss that the owner of the instrument might reasonably suffer by virtue of the loss qf the instrument.

The value of a trade secret that does not have a readily ascertainable market value is any reasonable value representing the damage to the owner suffered by reason of losing an advantage over those who do not know of or use the trade secret.

If the exact value of the property cannot be ascertained, you should attempt to determine a minimum value. If you cannot determine the minimum value, you must find the value is less than $460 $300.

Amounts of value of separate properties, involved in thefts committed pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct, whether the thefts are from the same person or several person, may be totaled in determining the grade of the offense.

EXHIBIT 5

DEALING IN STOLEN PROPERTY (FENCING) F.S. 812.019(1)

asonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) [trafficked in] [endeavored to traffic in] (property alleged).

2. (Defendant) knew or should have known that (property alleged) was stolen.

Definitions F.S. 812.-012(3)

real property, including things growing on, affixed to and found in land;

F.S. 812.012(6) 812.-028(3)

“Stolen property” means property that has been the subject of any criminally wrongful taking or if the property has not been stolen, that it was offered for sale to (defendant) as stolen property.

F.S. 812.012(7)

“Traffic” means:

to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of property; and to buy, receive, possess, obtain control of or use property with the intent to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of that property.

DEALING IN STOLEN PROPERTY (ORGANIZING) F.S. 812.019(2)

asonable doubt: Elements

1. (Defendant) [initiated] [organized] [planned] [financed] [directed] [managed] [supervised] the theft of (property alleged).

2. (Defendant) trafficked in the (property alleged).

Definitions F.S. 812.-012(3)

real property, including things growing on, affixed on, affixed to and found in land;

F.S. 812.012(6) 812.-028(3)

F.S. 812.012(7)

“Traffic” means:

to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of property; and to buy, receive, possess, obtain control of or use property with the intent to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of that property.

EXHIBIT 6

ROBBERY F.S. 812.13

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Robbery, the State must prove the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) took the (money or property described in charge) from the person or custody of (person alleged).

2. The taking was by Force, violence, assault, or by putting (person alleged) in fear was used in the course of the taking.

3. The property taken was of some value.

4. (Defendant) took-the-(meney or property described in the charge) from the-person-or-castedy of (person alleged) and at the time of the taking -intended-to permanently-deprive-(per-son alleged) of the (money or property).

The taking was with the intent to permanently [deprive (victim) of his right to the property or any benefit from it.l [appropriate the property of (victim) to his own use or to the use of any person not entitled to it.l

Title to property

Force; give if applicable

The taking must be by the use of force or violence or by assault so as to overcome the resistance of the victim, or by putting the victim in fear so that he does not resist. The law does not require that the victim of robbery resist to any particular extent or that he offer any actual physical resistance if the circumstances are such that he is placed in fear of death or great bodily harm if he does resist. But unless prevented by fear there must be some resistance to make the taking one done by force or violence.

Victim unconscious; give if applicable

It is also robbery if a person, with intent to take the property from a victim, administers any substance to another so that the victim becomes unconscious and then takes the property from the person or custody of the victim.

Taking

In order for a taking by force, violence or putting in fear to be robbery, it is not necessary that the taking be from the person of the victim. It is sufficient if the property taken is under the actual control of the victim so that it cannot be taken without the use of force, violence or intimidation directed against the victim.

Enhanced penalty; give if applicable

The punishment provided by law for the crime of robbery is greater if “in the course of committing the robbery” the defendant carried some kind of weapon. An act is “in the course of committing the robbery” if it occurs in an attempt to commit robbery or in flight after the attempt or commission. Therefore, if you find the defendant guilty of robbery, you must then consider whether the State has further proved those aggravating circumstances and reflect this in your verdict.

With a firearm

If you find that the defendant carried a firearm in the course of committing the robbery, you should find him guilty of robbery with a firearm.

With a deadly weapon

If you find that the defendant carried a (deadly weapon described in charge) in the course of committing the robbery and that the (deadly weapon described in charge) was a deadly weapon, you should find him guilty of robbery with a deadly weapon.

With other weapon

If you find that the defendant carried a weapon that was not a [firearm] [deadly weapon] in the course of committing the robbery, you should find him guilty of robbery with a weapon.

With no firearm or weapon

If you find that the defendant carried no firearm or weapon in the course of committing the robbery, but did commit the robbery, you should find him guilty only of robbery.

Definitions

A “firearm” is legally defined as (adapt from F.S. 790.001 as required by allegations).

A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in a way likely to produce death or great bodily harm.

A “weapon” is legally defined to mean any object that could be used to cause death or inflict serious bodily harm.

Also define “attempt” (see page 55).

EXHIBIT 7

BOOKMAKING F.S. 849.25(1)

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Bookmaking, the State must prove the following two three elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) was engaged in the business or profession of gambling.

2. While so engaged, (defendant) took or received a bet or wager. 3. The bet or wager was upon the result of [a trial or contest of skill, speed, power, or endurance of [man] or [beast]] [between men, beasts [fowlT]_[motor vehicles] or [mechanical apparatuses],]

[a chance, casualty or unknown or contingent event.]

F.S. 849.25(l)(b)

To determine whether (defendant) was engaged in the offense of bookmaking the following factors shall be considered:

L Taking advantage of betting odds created to produce a profit for the bookmaker or charging a percentage on accepted wagers.

2. Placing all or part of accepted wagers with other bookmakers to reduce the chance of financial loss.

3. Taking or receiving more than five wagers in any single day.

4. Taking or receiving wagers totaling more than $500 in any single day, or more than $1,500 in any single week.

5. Engaging in a common scheme with two or more persons to take or receive wagers.

6. Taking or receiving wagers on both sides of a contest at the identical point spread.

7. Any other factor relevant to establishing that the operating procedures of such person are commercial in nature.

Note to Judge

It is the committee’s opinion that F.S. 849.25(l)(c) is for the judge and not the .jury! Therefore (l)(c) should not be reid to the jury.

EXHIBIT 8

DRUG ABUSE — SALE. PURCHASE, MANUFACTURE, DELIVERY, OR POSSESSION WITH INTENT F.S. 893.13(l)(a)

trolled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of (crime charged), the State must prove the following (applicable number) elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant)

[sold] purchased] manufactured]

^delivered] possessed with intent to sell] possessed with intent to purchase] possessed with intent to manufacture] possessed with intent to deliver] a certain substance.

Give if possession is charged

3. (Defendant) had knowledge of the presence of the substance.

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

Manufacture F.S. 893.-0¾14⅜12](¾)

“Manufacture” means the production, preparation, packaging, labeling or relabeling, propagation, compounding, cultivating, growing, conversion or processing of a controlled substance, either directly or indirectly. Manufacturing can be by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis. It can also be by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis.

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

ossessed.

If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which the person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that person.

Notes to Judge

1. Note F.S. 893.13(l)(f)(g) if the charge involves possession or delivery without consideration of not more than 20 grams of cannabis.

2. If the defense seeks to show a lack of knowledge as to the nature of a particular drug, an additional instruction may be required. See State v. Medlin, 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1973).

DRUG ABUSE — SALE, PURCHASE, DELIVERY OR POSSESSION IN EXCESS OF TEN GRAMS F.S.

Note to Judge

This instruction will have to be altered if a combination of substances is alleged.

trolled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of (crime charged), the State must prove the following (applicable number) elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant)

[sold] purchased]

^delivered] possessed] more than ten gráms of a certain substance.

Give if possession is charged

3. (Defendant) had knowledge of the presence'of the substance.

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

ossessed.

Note to Judge

DRUG ABUSE — DELIVERY TO A MINOR F.S. 893.13(1)(C)

trolled substance.

reasonable doubt:

Elements

Give la, lb or lc cable as appli-Definitions F.S. 0¾4¾5) 893.-

Elements

1. (Defendant)

[sold

[purchased]

[manufactured]

[delivered]

[possessed with intent to manufacture]

[possessed with intent to deliver]

2. a controlled substance (specific substance alleged)

3. in, on, or within 1000 feet of the real property comprising a public or private elementary, middle, or secondary school.

Definitions: give as applicable Sell

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

Deliver F.S. 893.02(4¾5)

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

To “possess” means to have personal charge of or éxercise the right of ownership, management or control over the thing possessed.

Note to Judge

DRUG ABUSE — POSSESSION F.S. 893.13(lXe)(f)

trolled substance.

reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) possessed a certain substance.

3. (Defendant) had knowledge of the presence of the substance.

Definition

ossessed.

Possession may be actual or constructive. If a thing is in the hand of or on the person, or in a bag or container in the hand of or on the person, or is so close as to be within ready reach and is under the control of the person, it is in the actual possession of that person. If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which the person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that person.

Note to Judge

1. If the defense seeks to show a lack of knowledge as to the nature of a particular drug, an additional instruction may be required. See State v. Medlin, 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1973).

2. Note F.S. 893.13(l)(f)(g) if the charge involves possession or delivery without consideration of not more than 20 grams of cannabis.

TRAFFICKING IN CANNABIS F.S. 893.135(l)(a)

Certain drugs and chemical substances are by law known as “controlled substances.” Cannabis is a controlled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Trafficking in Cannabis, the State must prove the following three four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

[sold]

'purchased!

'manufactured]

'delivered] brought into Florida] possessed] a certain substance

2. The substance was cannabis.

3. The quantity of the cannabis involved was in excess of 100 pounds.

Note to Judge

4. Defendant) knew-the-substance was intended to [sell purchase! [manufacture! fdeliver] rbring into Florida possess] (specific substance alleged).

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

Manufacture F.S. 893.-02£4⅝⅝)

Deliver F.S. 893.02(4¾5)

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive* or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

ossessed. Possession may be actual or constructive. If a thing is in the hand of or on the person, or in a bag or container in the hand of or on the person, or is so close as to be within ready reach and is under the control of the person, it is in the actual possession of that person.

If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which the person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that person.

Note to Judge

If the defense seeks to show a lack of knowledge as to the nature of a particular drug, an additional instruction may be required. See State v. Medlin, 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1973).

The punishment providedby-law-for-thecrime-of-Tr-affick-ing in Cannabis is greater depending-upon-the-amount of-the substance -involved. — Therefore, If you find the defendant guilty of trafficking in cannabis you must determine by your verdict whether:

a. [The quantity of the substance involved was in excess of 100 pounds but less than 2,000 pounds.] b. [The quantity of the substance involved was 2,000 pounds or more but less than 10,000 pounds.] c. [The quantity of the substance involved was 10,000 pounds or more.]

TRAFFICKING IN COCAINE F.S. 893.135(l)(b)

Certain drugs and chemical substances are by law known as “controlled substances.” Cocaine or any mixture containing cocaine is a controlled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Trafficking in Cocaine, the State must prove the following three four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

[sold] purchased] manufactured] delivered] brought into Florida] possessed] a certain substance

2. The substance was [cocaine] [a mixture containing cocaine].

3. The quantity of the substance involved was 28 grams or more.

Note to Judge

4. (Defendant) knew the substance was intended to [sell' fpurchase] [manufacture] [deliver] rbring into Florida fpossess] (specific substance alleged).

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value. Manufacture F.S. 893.-02(⅛)(1¾©

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

ossessed.

Note to judge

TRAFFICKING IN ILLEGAL DRUGS F.S. 893.135(l)(c)

Certain drugs and chemical substances are by law known as “controlled substances.” (specific substance alleged) is a controlled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Trafficking in Illegal Drugs, the State must prove the following three four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

sold] purchased] manufactured]

'delivered] brought into Florida] possessed] a certain substance 2. The substance was [specific substance alleged).] [a mixture containing (specific substance alleged)].

3. The quantity of the substance involved was four grams or more.

Note to Judge

4. (Defendant) knew-the-substance-was intended to [sell] [purchase] fmanufacturel fdeliverl fbring into Florida] [possess] (specific substance alleged).

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

Manufacture F.S. 893.-02flA)(12)(a)

Deliver F.S. 893.02(4)(5)

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

ossessed.

If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which the person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that person.

Note to Judge

The punishment provided-by law for the crime of Trafficking in Illegal Drugs is greater depending upon the amount-of the substance involved. — Therefore, If you find the defendant guilty of trafficking in illegal drugs, you must determine by your verdict whether:

a.[The quantity of the substance involved was in excess of 4 grams but less than 14 grams.] b.[The quantity of the substance involved was 14 grams or more but less than 28 grams.] c.[The quantity of the substance involved was 28 grams or more.] TRAFFICKING IN PHENCYCLIDINE F.S. 893.135(l)(d)

Certain drugs and chemical substances are by law known as “controlled substances.” Phencyclidine or any mixture containing phencyclidine is a controlled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Trafficking in Phencyclidine, the State must prove the following three four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

sold] purchased] manufactured]

^delivered] brought into Florida] possessed] a certain substance

2. The substance was [phencyclidine] [a mixture containing phencyclidine].

3. The quantity of the phencyclidine involved was 28 grams or more.

Note to Judge

4. (Defendant) knew the substance was intended to Tsell purchase] [manufacture] [deliver! fbring into Florida ⅛°⅝⅞?3 (specific substance alleged).

. “Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

Manufacture F.S. 893.-02(14)(12)(a)

Deliver F.S. 893.02(4)(5)

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

ossessed.

If a thing is in a place over which the person has control or in which the person has hidden or concealed it, it is in the constructive possession of that person.

a person a knowledge of its presence may not be inferred or assumed.

Note to Judge

If the defense seeks to show a lack of knowledge as to the nature of a particular drug, an additional instruction may be required. See State v. Medlin, 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1973).

The punishment provided by law-for-the crime-o-f-T-raffick-ing in Phencyclidine is greater depending upon the amount of the substance invoIvedv-Therefore, If you find the defendant guilty of trafficking in phencyclidine, you must determine by your verdict whether:

a. [The quantity of the substance involved was in excess of 28 grams but less than 200 grams.] b. [The quantity of the substance involved was 200 grams or more but less than 400 grams.] c. [The quantity of the substance involved was 400 grams or more.] TRAFFICKING IN METHAQUALONE F.S. 893.135(l)(e)

Certain drugs and chemical substances are by law known as “controlled substances.” Methaqualone or any mixture containing methaqualone is a controlled substance.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Trafficking in Methaqualone the State must prove the following three four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

[sold]

[purchased]

[manufactured]

[delivered]

[brought into Florida]

[possessed] a certain substance

2. The substance was [methaqualone] [a mixture containing methaqualone].

3. The quantity of the methaqualone involved was 200 grams or more.

Note to Judge

4. (Defendant) knew the substance was intended to Tsell] [purchase] [manufacture] [deliver] rbring into Florida] [possess] (specific substance alleged).

“Sell” means to transfer or deliver something to another person in exchange for money or something of value or a promise of money or something of value.

Manufacture F.S. 893.-02(14){12](a)

Deliver F.S. 893.02(5)

“Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

Possession

ossessed.

Possession'may be joint, that is, two or more persons may jointly have possession of an article, exercising control over it. In that case, each of those persons is considered to be in possession of that article.

Note to Judge

If the defense seeks to show a lack of knowledge as to the nature of a particular drug, an additional instruction may be required. See State v. Medlin, 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla.1973).

The punishment-provided-by-law for-the crime of Trafficking-in Methaqualone is greater depending upon-the amount of the substance involved. Therefore, If you find the defendant guilty of trafficking in methaqualone you must determine by your verdict whether:

a. [The quantity of the substance involved was in excess of 200 grams but less than 5 kilograms.] b. [The quantity of the substance involved was 5 kilograms or more but less than 25 kilograms.] c. [The quantity of the substance involved was 25 kilograms or more.]

EXHIBIT 9 RICO — USE OR INVESTMENT OF PROCEEDS FROM PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY F.S. 895.03(1)

Before you can find the defendant guilty of Unlawful Use or Investment of Proceeds from a Pattern of Racketeering Activity, the State must prove the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. At least two of the following incidents occurred (read incident alleged in information).

Modify 1 and 2 if only two incidents alleged

2. Of those incidents which did occur, at least two of them had the same or similar [intents] [results] [accomplices] [victims] [methods of commission] or were interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and were not isolated incidents.

3. (Defendant) with criminal intent received proceeds which were derived directly or indirectly from such incidents.

4. (Defendant) [used] [invested] some of these proceeds [or proceeds derived from the investment or use thereof] either directly or indirectly [in acquiring some right, title, equity or interest in real property] [in establishing or operating an enterprise].

Note to Judge

Note to Judge Definitions Give in every case

“Receiving proceeds with criminal intent” means that the defendant, at the time he received the proceeds, either knew the source of the proceeds or had his suspicions aroused but deliberately failed to make further inquiry as to the source of the proceeds.

er interest in that property. Give as applicable F.S. 895.02(3)

“Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, business trust, union chartered under the laws of Florida, or other legal entity, or any un-chartered union, association, or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity, and includes lawful as well as unlawful enterprises and governmental as well as other entities.

Note to Judge

Whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So. 2d 760.

RICO — USE OR INVESTMENT OF PROCEEDS FROM FROM COLLECTION OF UNLAWFUL DEBT F.S. 895.03(1)

Elements

1. (Defendant) with criminal intent received proceeds which were derived directly or indirectly through the collection of an unlawful debt.

Definitions Give in every case

F.S. 895.02(2)

“Unlawful debt” means any money or other thing of value constituting principal or interest of a debt that is legally unenforceable in Florida in whole or in part because the debt was incurred or contracted in violation of the following law: (recite applicable section and define crime).

er interest in that property.

Give as applicable F.S. 895.02(3)

Note to Judge

Whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So. 2d 760.

RICO — ACQUISITION OR MAINTENANCE THROUGH PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY F.S. 895.03(2)

Before you can find the defendant guilty of unlawfully [acquiring] [maintaining] and interest in or control of [an enterprise] [real property], the State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: Elements

1. (Defendant) engaged in at least two of the following incidents (read incident alleged in information).

Modify 1 and 2 if only two incidents alleged

2. Of those incidents in which (defendant) was engaged, at least two of them had the same or similar [intents] [results] [accomplices] [victims] [methods of commission] or were interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and were not isolated incidents.

Note to Judge

Note to Judge Definitions Give as applicable F.S. 895.02(3)

Note to Judge

Whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So. 2d 760.

er interest in that property.

RICO — ACQUISITION OR MAINTENANCE THROUGH COLLECTION OF UNLAWFUL DEBT F.S. 895.03(2)

Elements

1. (Defendant) [acquired] [maintained], directly or indirectly, interest in or control of [an enterprise] [real property].

2. He did so through the knowing collection of an unlawful debt.-

Definitions Give in every case

Give as applicable F.S. 895.02(3)

Note to Judge

Whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So. 2d 760.

er interest in that property.

RICO — CONDUCT OR PARTICIPATION IN AN ENTERPRISE THROUGH COLLECTION OF UNLAWFUL DEBT F.S. 895.03(3)

Before you can find the defendant guilty of unlawfully [conducting] [participating] in an enterprise, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) was [employed by] [associated with] an enterprise.

Defendant may or may not be “enterprise.” See note below. Definitions F.S. 895.02(2)

2. (Defendant) [conducted] [participated], directly or indirectly, in such enterprise through the knowing collection of an unlawful debt.

F.S. 895.01(3)

Note to Judge

Whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So. 2d 760.

RICO — CONDUCT OR PARTICIPATION IN AN ENTERPRISE THROUGH A PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY F.S. 895.03(3)

Before you can find the defendant guilty of unlawfully [conducting] [participating] in an enterprise, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) was [employed by] [associated with] an enterprise.

Defendant may or may not be “enterprise.” See note below.

2. (Defendant) [conducted] [participated], directly or indirectly, in such enterprise by engaging in at least two of the following incidents (read incidents alleged in information)

3. Of those incidents in which (defendant) was engaged, at least two of them had the same or similar [intents] [results] [accomplices] [victims] [methods of commission] or were interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and were not isolated incidents.

Note to Judge

Note to Judge Definitions Give as applicable F.S. 895.02(3)

Note to Judge

Whether an individual can be an enterprise see State v. Nishi, 521 So. 2d 252 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) and State v. Bowen, 413 So. 2d 798 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), rev. den. 424 So. 2d 760.

CONSPIRACY TO ENGAGE IN PATTERN OF RACKETEERING ACTIVITY F.S. 895.03(4)

What the evidence in the case must show beyond a reasonable doubt before you may find the defendant guilty of conspiring to violate the RICO Act is:

2. The defendant knowingly and willfully became a member of such conspiracy; and

Note to Judge

Definitions:

F.S. 895.02(3)

Note to Judge

EXHIBIT 10

COMMENT ON SCHEDULE OF LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES One of the difficult problems in instructing a criminal jury is to make certain that it is properly charged with respect to the degrees or categories of guilt that may be applicable to a given crime. The supreme court in Brown v. State, 206 So. 2d 377 (Fla.1968) described these categories as follows:

1. Crimes divisible into degrees

2. Attempts to commit offenses

3. Offenses necessarily included in the offense charged

4. Offenses which may or may not be included in the offense charged, depending on the accusatory pleading and the evidence.

Because it is often so difficult to determine these categories, the committee prepared a list of the offenses applicable to each of the crimes for which standard jury instructions had been drafted. At the same time, the committee recommended treating lesser degrees as category 3 or 4 offenses depending upon the offense and treating attempts as a category 4 offense, thereby eliminating the first two Brown categories as separate categories. In its opinion dated April 16, 1981, in which it approved the new standard jury instructions, the supreme court also approved the schedule of lesser included offenses and accepted the recommendation of the committee to consolidate the four Brown categories into two categories. The supreme court directed that the four categories should be renumbered and designated as follows:

1. Offenses necessarily included in the offense charged, which will include some lesser degrees of offenses

The court also directed that the appropriate Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure be amended to accommodate these changes. The categories of the offenses which appear on the schedule of lesser included offenses have been renumbered and designated according to the supreme court mandate.

In determining the appropriate lesser offenses for inclusion in the table, the committee followed certain guidelines:

3. Certain crimes do not have attempts, e.g., culpable negligence, extortion, perjury, corruption by threat against public servant, resisting officer with violence, and conspiracy.

4. Except as stated above, attempts to commit crimes generally are included unless the evidence conclusively shows that the charged crime was completed. In such case, attempt should not be instructed.

5. Some statutes provide that the penalty for certain crimes is enhanced if certain events occur during their commission.

For example, under F.S. 810.02 burglary is a felony of the first degree if the burglar makes an assault or is armed with explosives or dangerous weapons. If these events do not occur but burglary is committed in a dwelling occupied by human beings, the offense is a felony of the second degree. All other burglaries are felonies of the third degree. Thus, if a defendant is charged with first degree burglary by virtue of having made an assault during the course of the burglary, the jury should be permitted to return a verdict for simple third degree burglary without the enhancement of the assault. In practice, this is similar to the concept of lesser included offenses, but since statutes of this type are couched in terms of enhancement, the schedule does not carry the lower degrees of the offenses proscribed by those statutes as lesser included offenses.

6. Under Knight v. State, 338 So. 2d 201 (Fla.1976), felony murder is included within a single indictment count of premeditated murder. Therefore, first degree felony murder should be given if requested by the state and if supported by the evidence, although it is not a lesser included offense.

EXHIBIT 11

SCHEDULE OF LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES

CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

First degree (premeditated) murder — 782.04(1) Second degree (depraved mind) murder — 782.04(2) Manslaughter — 782.07 Second degree (felony) murder — 782.04(3) Third degree (felony) murder — 782.04(4) Attempt Vehicular homicide — 782.-071 Culpable negligence — 784.-05(2) Aggravated battery — 784.-045 Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Battery — 784.03 Assault — 784.011 *

First degree (felony) murder — 782.04(1) Second degree (depraved mind) ** murder — 782.-04(2) Manslaughter — 782.07 Attempt Second degree (depraved mind) murder — 782.04(2) Second degree (felony) murder — 782.04(3) Third degree (felony) murder — 782.04(4) CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Manslaughter — 782.07 Aggravated battery — 784.-045 Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Battery — 784.03 Assault — 784.011*

Second degree (depraved mind) murder — 782.04(2) Manslaughter — 782.07 Third degree (felony) murder — 782.04(4) Attempt Vehicular homicide — 782.-071 Culpable negligence — 784.-05(2) Aggravated battery — 784.-045 Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Battery — 784.03 Assault-784.011*

Second degree (felony) murder — 782.04(3) None Third degree (felony) murder — 782.04(4) Attempt

Third degree (felony) murder — 784.04(4) None Attempt Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Battery — 784.03 Assault — 784.011

Manslaughter — 782.07 None Attempt * Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Battery — 784.03 Assault — 784.011 Vehicular homicide — 782.-071 Culpable negligence — 784.-05(2) Culpable negligence — 784.-05(1) **

Assault — 784.011 Aggravated assault — 784.-021(l)(a) None Assault — 784.011 Attempt Attempt Improper exhibition of dangerous weapons or firearms — 790.10 Discharging firearms in public — 790.15

Aggravated assault — 784.-021(l)(b) Assault — 784.011 Attempt

Battery — 784.03 Aggravated battery — 784.-045(l)(a) None Battery — 784.03 Attempt Attempt CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Aggravated battery — 784.-045(l)(b) Battery — 784.03 Attempt Improper exhibition of dangerous weapons or firearms — 790.10 Discharging firearms in public — 790.15

Culpable negligence — 784.-05(2) Culpable negligence — 784. 05(1) None

Assault of law enforcement officer — 784.07(2) None Attempt Assault — 784.011 *

Battery of law enforcement officer — 784.07(2) None Attempt Battery — 784.03 *

Kidnapping — 787.01 False imprisonment — 787. 02 Attempt Aggravated assault — 784.-021(l)(b) Battery — 784.03(l)(a) Assault — 784.011

False imprisonment — 787.-02 None Attempt Assault — 784.011 Battery — 784.03(l)(a)

Carrying concealed weapons — 790.01(1) None Attempt

Carrying concealed firearms — 790.01(2) None Attempt

Carrying pistol or repeating rifle without first obtaining license — 790.05 790.06 None Attempt

Persons engaged in criminal offense, having weapons — 790.07(1) None Attempt (may be applicable when concealed weapon is charged) Carrying concealed weapons — 790.01(1) Improper exhibition of dangerous weapons— 790.10

Persons engaged in criminal offense, having weapons — 790.07(2) None Attempt (may be applicable when concealed firearm is charged) Carrying concealed firearm — 790.01(2) Improper exhibition of dangerous firearms— 790.10

Discharging firearms in public — 790.15 None Attempt

Furnishing weapons to minors under 18 years of age, etc. — 790.17 None Attempt

Selling arms to minors by dealers — 790.18 None Attempt

Felons; possession of firearms unlawful; exception; penalty — 790.23 None Attempt (may be applicable when concealed weapon is charged) CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Carrying concealed firearm — 790.01(2) Carrying concealed weapon — 790.01(1)

Sexual battery — 794.011(2) Battery — 784.03 Attempt Assault — 784.011 Aggravated assault — 784.-021(l)(a) Aggravated battery — 784.-045(l)(a)

Sexual battery — 794.011(3) Battery — 784.03 Attempt Aggravated battery — 784.-045(l)(a) Aggravated assault — 784.-021(l)(a) Assault — 784.011 Sexual battery — 794.011(4) Sexual battery — 795.011(5)

Sexual battery — 794.011(4) Battery — 784.03 Attempt Aggravated assault — 784.-021(l)(a) Assault — 784.011 Sexual battery — 794.011(5)

Sexual battery — 794.011(5) Battery — 784.03 Attempt Assault — 784.011

Unnatural and lascivious act — 800.02 None Attempt

Exposure of sexual organs —800.03 None Unnatural and lascivious act — 800.02

Lewd, lascivious, or indecent assault or act upon or in presence of child— 800.04 None Attempt Assault — 784.011 Battery — 784.03 Unnatural and lascivious act — 800.02

Arson — 806.01(1) Arson — 806.01(2) Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)l Attempt Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)2. Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)3. Criminal mischief — 806.-13(2)

Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)l None Attempt

Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)2 Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)l Attempt

Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)3 Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)l Criminal mischief — 806.-13(l)(b)2 Attempt

Burglary with assault or battery or while armed— 810.02(2) Burglary — 810.02(3) Attempt Burglary of dwelling or with human being inside —810.02(3) Trespass — 810.08(2)(a) Trespass — 810.08(2)(c) CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Burglary of dwelling or with human being inside —810.02(3) Burglary — 810.02(3) Attempt Trespass — 810.08(2)(a) Trespass — 810.08(2)(b)

Burglary — 810.02(3) None Attempt Trespass — 810.08(2)(a)

Possession of burglary tools — 810.06 None None

Trespass in structure or conveyance — 810.08 None Attempt (except refuse to depart)

Trespass on property other than structure or conveyance — 810.09 None Attempt

Grand theft — first degree 812.014(2)(a) None Grand theft — second degree 812.014(2)(b) Grand theft — third degree 812.014(2)(c) Petit theifc — 812.014(2)(c) Cf. Gilford v. State, 313 So. 2d 729 (Fla.1975) Trade secrets — 812.081

Grand theft — Second degree 812.014(2)(b) None If value is alleged grand theft — third degree 812.-014(2)(c) petit theft — 812.-014(2)(e)(d) Trade secrets — 812.081

Grand theft — third degree 812.014(2)(c) None If value is alleged Petit theft — 812.014(2)(c)(d) Trade secrets — 812.081

Petit theft 812.014(2)(e)(d) None No attempt — endeavor is included within definition of theft

Possession of altered property — 812.016 None Attempt

Dealing in stolen property —trafficking—812.019(1) None None

Dealing in stolen property —managing and trafficking — 812.019(2) 812.019(1) Attempt

Robbery with a firearm or deadly weapon — 812.-13(2)(a) Robbery with a weapon— 812.13(2)(b) Robbery — 812.13(2)(c) Petit theft — 812.-014(2)(e«d) Attempt Grand theft 1st degree— 812.014(2)(a) Grand theft 2d degree— 812.014(2)(b) Grand theft 3d degree— 812.014(2)(c) Battery — 784.03 Aggravated battery — 784.-045 Assault — 784.011 Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Extortion — 836.05 See Davis v. State, 277 So. 2d 300 (Fla. 2d DCA 1973) CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Robbery with a weapon— 812.13(2)(b) Robbery — 812.13(2)(c) Petit theft — 812.-014(2)(e)(d) Attempt Grand theft 1st degree 812.014(2)(a) Grand theft 2d degree 812.014(2)(b) Grand theft 3d degree 812.014(2)(cj Battery — 784.03 Aggravated battery — 784.-045 Assault — 784.011 Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Extortion — 836.05 See Davis v. State, 277 So. 2d 300 (Fla. 2d DCA 1973)

Robbery — 812,18(2)(c) Petit theft — 812.-014(2)(e)(d) Attempt Grand theft 1st degree— 812.014(2)(a) Grand theft 2d degree— 812.014(2)(b) Grand theft 3d degree— 812.014(2)(c~ Battery — 784.03 Assault — 784.011 Aggravated assault — 784.-021 Extortion — 836.05 See Davis v. State, 277 So. 2d 300 (Fla. 2d DCA 1973)

Child abuse — 827.04(1) Child abuse — 827.04(2) Attempt, if willfully Negligent treatment of child — 827.05

Child abuse — 827.04(2) None Attempt, if willfully Negligent treatment of child — 827.05

Forgery — 831.01 None Attempt

Uttering forged instrument — 831.02 None No attempt — King v. State, 317 So. 2d 852 (Fla. 1st DCA 1975)

Stopping payment; purchase of farm or grove products — 832.04 None Attempt, except when uttering is charged — 832.-04 under $50

Stopping payment with intent to defraud — 832.041 None Attempt, except when uttering is charged; 832.04 if farm or grove product; 832.041 under $50 Worthless check — 832-05(2) (second degree misdemeanor)

Worthless checks — 832.-05(2) None Attempt, except when uttering is charged

Obtaining property by worthless checks — 832.-05(4) Worthless check — 832.-05(2) (second degree misdemeanor) Attempt, except when uttering is charged

Penury not in official proceeding — 837.012 None None CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Perjury if official proceeding — 837.02 None None

Perjury by contradictory statements — 837.021 None None

False reports to law enforcement authorities— 837.05 None None

False official statements— 837.06 None None

Bribery — 838.015 None Attempt if only give or accept is charged

Unlawful compensation for official behavior — 838.-016 None Attempt if only give or accept is charged

Corruption by threat against public servant— 838.021 None Attempt if only harm is charged

Bribery in athletic contests —838.12(1) None Attempt only if give is charged

Bribery in athletic contests —838.12(2) None Attempt only if accept is charged

Keeping gambling house— 849.01 None Lottery — 849.09(l)(f) Lottery — 849.09(l)(k) Lottery — 849.11

Agents, servants, etc., of keeper of gambling house — 849.02 None Lottery — 849.(l)(f) Lottery — 849.09(l)(k)

Renting house for gambling purposes — 849.02 None None

Permitting minors and persons under guardianship to gamble — 849.04 None Permitting gambling and billiard or pool table by holder of license — 849.07 Playing at games of chance by lot — 849.11

Gambling — 849.08 None None

Lottery 849.09(l)(a) None Attempt Lottery — 849.09(l)(f) Lottery — 849.09(l)(g) Lottery — 849.09(l)(h) Lottery — 849.09(1)® Lottery — 849.09(1)® Lottery — 849.09(l)(k) Playing at game of chance by lot — 849.11 Gambling devices, etc.— 849.231

Lottery 849.09(l)(b) None Attempt Lottery — 849.09(l)(f) Lottery — 849.09(l)(g) Lottery — 849.09(l)(h) Lottery — 849.09(1)® Lottery — 849.09(1)® Lottery — 849.09(l)(k) Gambling devices, etc.— 849.231

Lottery 849.09(l)(c) None Attempt Lottery — 849.09(l)(f) Lottery — 849.09(l)(g) Lottery — 849.09(l)(h) CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Lottery — 849.09(l)(i) Lottery — 849.09(l)(j) Lottery — 849.09(1)00 Gambling devices, etc.— 849.231

Lottery 849.09(l)(d) None Attempt Lottery — 849.09(l)(f) Lottery — 849.09(l)(g) Lottery — 849.09(l)(h) Lottery — 849.09(1)0) Lottery — 849.09(l)(j) Lottery — 849.09(l)(k) Playing at game of chance by lot-849.11 Gambling devices, etc.— 849.231

Lottery 849.09(l)(g) None Attempt

Lottery 849.09(l)(h) None Attempt

Lottery 849.09(l)(k) None Attempt

Bookmaking on grounds of permit-holder — 550.361 (adapted from former 849.24) None Attempt

Bookmaking — 849.25(2) None Attempt

Bookmaking — 849.25(3) Bookmaking — 849.25(2) Attempt Bookmaking on grounds of permit-holder — 550.361

Driving under the influence — 316.193(1) None Attempt

DUI with damage to property or person — 316.-193(3)(c)l DUI — 316.193(1) None

DUI with serious bodily injury — 316.193(3)(c)2 DUI — 316.193(1) DUI — 316.193(3)(c)l

DUI manslaughter — 316.-193(3)(c)3 DUI — 316.193(1) Vehicular homicide — 782.-071 DUI — 316.193(3)(c)2 DUI — 316.193(3)(c)l

Sale, manufacture, delivery or possession with intent to sell, manufacture or deliver controlled substance— 893.13(l)(a) None Attempt, except when delivery is charged; 893.-13(l)(f)(g) if possession or delivery of cannabis charged 893.13(l)(e)(f) if possession is charged*

Sale, delivery or possession of more than 10 grams of controlled substance — 893.13(l)(b) None Attempt, except when delivery is charged 893.-13(l)(a) 893.13(lXe)d) if possession is charged

Delivery of controlled substance to person under 18 years old — 893.13(l)(c) None 893.13(l)(a) 893.13(l)(f){g) if cannabis charged

Bringing controlled substance into state — 893.-13(l)(d) None Attempt 893.13(l)(e)(f) 893.13(l)(f)(g) if cannabis charged

Possession of controlled substance — 893.-lB(l)m Offense of possession or None None Attempt; 893.13(lKf)(g) if cannabis charged Attempt, except when de-delivery of not more livery is charged CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 than 20 grams of cannabis — 893.13(l)(f)ig)

Obtaining controlled substances by fraud — 893.-13(3)(a)l None

Possession of drug paraphernalia — 893.147(1) None Attempt

Delivery, possession with intent to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver drug paraphernalia — 893.147(2) None Attempt, except when delivery is charged

Delivery of drug paraphernalia to a minor — 893.-147(3) None None

Trafficking in cannabis— 893.135(l)(a) None* Attempt, except when delivery is charged 893.13(l)(a) if sale, manufacture or delivery is charged Bringing cannabis into state — 893.13(l)(d) Possession of cannabis— 893.13(l)(e)(f) Possession or delivery of cannabis — 893.13(l)(J)(g)

Trafficking in cocaine— 893.135(l)(b) None * Attempt, except when delivery is charged 893.13(l)(a) if sale, manufacture or delivery is charged Bringing cocaine into state —893.13(l)(d) Possession of cocaine— 893.13(l)(e)(f)

Trafficking in illegal drugs —893.135(l)(c) None* Attempt, except when delivery is charged 893.13(l)(a) if sale, manufacture or delivery is charged Bringing same illegal drug as charged into state— 893.13(l)(d) Possession of same illegal drug — 893.13(l)(e)(f)

Trafficking in phencyclidine — 893.135(l)(d) None. * Attempt, except when delivery is charged 893.13(l)(a) if sale, manufacture or delivery is charged Bringing phencyclidine into state — 893.13(l)(d) Possession of phencyclidine — 893.13(1)(⅝)

Trafficking in methaqual-one — 893.135(l)(d) None * Attempt, except when delivery is charged CHARGED OFFENSES CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

893.13(l)(a) if sale, manufacture or delivery is charged Bringing methaqualone into state — 893.13(l)(d) Possession of methaqual-one — 893.13(l)(e)(f]

Contraband — 951.22 None The nature of the contraband may give rise to misdemeanor, lesser included offenses See Cooper v. State, 512 So. 2d 1071 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987); Moore v. State, 512 So. 2d 1149 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).

EXHIBIT 12

THROWING, PLACING. PROJECTING. OR DISCHARGING DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE F.S. 790.161

reasonable doubt:

Elements

1. (Defendant) made] possessed]

’threw] placed] projected] discharged] attempted to throw, place, project, or discharge] a destructive device.

2. He did so

[with intent to do bodily harm tó any person.]

[with intent to wrongfully do damage to (property)-]

3. The act resulted in

Give 3a, 3b, 3d, 3e or 3f as applicable a. [a disruption of governmental 3c, operations.] b. [a disruption of governmental commerce.] c. [a disruption of the private affairs of (victim).] d. [bodily harm to (victim).] e. [property damage.] f. [the death of (victim).]

Person killed; give if 3f alleged

It is not necessary that the person killed be the same person the defendant intended to injure or the owner of the property intended to be damaged.

Definition

A “destructive device” is defined as (adapt from F.S. 790.001(4) as required by the allegations).

EXHIBIT 13

THREAT TO THROW. PLACE, PROJECT, OR DISCHARGE ANY DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE F.S. 790.162

asonable doubt: Elements

1. (Defendant) threatened to

[throw]

[place]

[project]

[discharge] a destructive device.

2. He did so with intent to do [bodily harm to any person.] [damage to the property of any person.]

Definition

A “destructive device” is defined as (adapt from F.S. 790.001(4) as required by the allegations).

EXHIBIT 14

CONTRABAND IN COUNTY DETENTION FACILITY F.S. 951.22

Before you can find the defendant guilty of the crime of (crime charged), the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

Elements 1. (Defendant)

[introduced contraband into]

[knowingly possessed contraband in]

[gave contraband to an inmate in]

[received contraband from an inmate in]

[took contraband from]

[attempted to take or send contraband from] a county detention facility.

2. (Defendant) did not do so through regular channels as duly authorized by the Sheriff or officer in charge of the facility.

The court now instructs you that for purposes of this offense, “contraband” means:

Select definition depending upon item alleged

[any currency or coin.]

[any article of food or clothing.]

[any written or recorded communication.]

[any intoxicating beverage or beverage which causes or may cause an intoxicating effect.]

[any narcotic, hypnotic or excitative drug.]

[any drug of any kind, including nasal inhalation] [sleeping pill] [barbiturate.]

[any controlled substance. [ (Item alleged) ] is a controlled substance.]

[any firearm.]

[any instrumentality that may be or is intended to be used as a dangerous weapon.]

[any instrumentality that may be or is intended to be used as an aid in attempting to escape.]

Definitions F.S. 951.-2301

“County detention facility” means a county jail, a county stockade, a county prison camp, a county residential probation center, and any other place used by a county or county officer to detain persons charged with or convicted crimes, including the grounds thereof.

Note to Judge: In event of municipal facility involved, see statute. Definitions Give as applicable Note ito Judge: See p. 220 for definition of “possession.”

To “introduce” means to put inside or into.

The committee expressed concern over the constitutionality of chapter 87-243, section 42, Laws of Florida, creating section 777.201(2), which places the burden of proof of entrapment on the defendant. Therefore, the committee offered alternative final paragraphs of the instruction, one of which retained the existing instruction which requires the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped, and the other which requires the defendant to prove entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence. For the purpose of adopting standard jury instructions, the constitutionality of a statute must be assumed unless it has been declared unconstitutional. The Court deems it inappropriate to pass on the constitutionality of a statute except in adversary proceedings. Therefore, for offenses occurring on or after October 1, 1987, the Court has accepted the statutory alternative which places the burden of proof of entrapment on the defendant.

But see0 Martin v. State, 342 So. 2d 501 (Fla.1977); Drotar v. State, 433 So. 2d 1005 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983), holding that nonhomicide lessers should not be given when the only issue is whether the death was a lawful or unlawful homicide, but should be given if there is an issue of causation, i.e., whether death was caused by defendant’s act or some other unconnected cause. When a non-homicide offense is a necessarily lesser included offense of the homicide offense, an instruction on the lesser may be necessary. See certified question in Barritt v. State, 517 So. 2d 65 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987).

See Scurry v. State, 521 So. 2d 1077 (Fla.1988).

But see Martin v. State, 342 So. 2d 501 (Fla.1977).

But see Smith v. State, 330 So. 2d 256 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976), and Murray v. State, 328 So. 2d 501 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976).

***

See Taylor v. State, 444 So. 2d 931 (Fla.1984).

But see Martin v. State, 342 So. 2d 501 (Fla.1977).

Provided that charged offense is a second degree felony under section 893.13(l)(a)l.

An instruction of simple possession may be required. See Dauphin [Daophin] v. State. 511 So. 2d 1037 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), cert. pending (Case No. 70,995, Fla.S.Ct.).

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Pope v. State, 679 So. 2d 710 (Fla. 1996)

…im is patently immaterial.”). The exception to this rule is where there is an issue of causation, as when some unconnected cause, other than the defendant’s act, may have caused the victim’s death. In re Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, 543 So. 2d 1205, 1233 (Fla.1989). This exception does not apply here. We also find that the court did not commit error by denying the accomplice instruction because it did not make sense in the context of this case. Here, Marsha was not a codefendant or a willing…
State v. Weller, 590 So. 2d 923 (Fla. 1991)
Herrera v. State, 594 So. 2d 275 (Fla. 1992)

…lorida’s trial courts, but noted the instructions committee’s concern over the constitutionality of the legislation and this Court’s refusal to consider such an issue in nonadversarial proceedings. In re Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, 543 So. 2d 1205 (Fla.1989). The instant case squarely presents the issue for our resolution. Herrera argues that this Court’s decisions on previous versions of the entrapment instruction, e.g., State v. Wheeler, 468 So. 2d 978 (Fla.1985), demonstrate that the new…

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Authorities Cited (27 total)

Brown v. State, 206 So. 2d 377 (Fla. 1968)
RAY v. State, 403 So. 2d 956 (Fla. 1981)
Elton E. Ensor v. State, 403 So. 2d 349 (Fla. 1981)
Knight v. State, 338 So. 2d 201 (Fla. 1976)
Taylor v. State, 444 So. 2d 931 (Fla. 1983)
Thomas v. State, 531 So. 2d 708 (Fla. 1988)
State v. Medlin, 273 So. 2d 394 (Fla. 1973)
State v. Harris, 356 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 1978)
State v. Carpenter, 417 So. 2d 986 (Fla. 1982)
Martin v. State, 342 So. 2d 501 (Fla. 1977)

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