300 PINE ISLAND ASSOCIATES, LTD., A FLORIDA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, BY AND THROUGH ITS GENERAL PARTNER, ALLEN I. MORRIS, APPELLANT,
v.
STEVEN L. COHEN & ASSOCIATES, P.A., A FLORIDA CORPORATION, APPELLEE
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Pine Island Associates obtained a default judgment against Steven L. Cohen, Architect, P.A. for unpaid rent, then sued Steven L. Cohen & Associates, P.A., alleging it was a successor entity liable for the prior judgment. The trial court dismissed the complaint, but the appellate court reversed, holding that the plaintiff could proceed against a successor entity under a de facto merger theory if properly pleaded.
The trial court erred in granting the motion to dismiss without leave to amend. A judgment creditor may proceed against an alleged successor entity if the complaint properly pleads: (1) a valid, unsatisfied judgment; (2) that the judgment debtor has no assets or income sources for satisfaction; and (3) that the defendant is a de facto successor to the judgment debtor. The case is remanded for further proceedings with leave to amend.
[1] A plaintiff may state a cause of action against a successor entity for an unsatisfied judgment against a predecessor entity if the successor is a "buying successor" and t…
[2] A cause of action against a successor entity for an unsatisfied judgment requires proof of a valid, unsatisfied judgment, a reasonable belief that the judgment debtor has…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“it appears that appellant, if properly given leave to amend, could have stated a valid cause of action against appellee”
Establishes that the trial court erred in dismissing without allowing amendment, as a valid cause of action was possible
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAppellant obtained a default judgment against Steven L. Cohen, Architect, P.A. for past due rent. Appellant then filed a substantially similar complai…
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POLEN, Judge.
Appellant had obtained a default judgment against an entity known as "Steven L. Cohen, Architect, P.A.” in an action for past due rent under a lease. Thereafter, appellant filed a substantially similar complaint against appellee, Steven L. Cohen & Associates, P.A., seeking to recover the amount of the judgment that was obtained in the prior action. Although appellant’s counsel had taken a deposition of the principal of the defendant in the prior case, appellant did not pursue any of the enforcement proceedings against said defendant as provided in Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.570 and section 56.29, Florida Statutes (1987).
Appellee filed a motion to dismiss the complaint in the second lawsuit, alleging, inter alia, failure of appellant to follow the remedies in rule 1.570 and section 56.29, as well as other pleading deficiencies in the complaint. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss without leave • to amend. We hold that in this regard, the trial court erred.
While appellant certainly had available to it the provisions of Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.570 and section 56.29, Florida Statutes (1987), as well as the remedy of an impleader action under the case law1, it appears that appellant, if properly given leave to amend, could have stated a valid cause of action against appellee. Appellant’s theory in the instant action, which on remand appellant must properly plead and prove, consists of the following elements: (1) the existence of a valid, unsatisfied judgment obtained by appellant in a prior action; (2) that for good cause, appellant has a reasonable belief that there are no assets nor sources of income from which appellant would be able to obtain satisfaction of said judgment from the judgment debtor; (3) that the present defendant is the “buying successor” of the judgment debtor, the “selling predecessor” to the instant defendant. The viability of such a proceeding was recognized in Orlando Light Bulb Service, Inc. v. Laser Lighting and Electrical Supply, Inc., 523 So. 2d 740 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988). Although the district court in Orlando found the evidence was insufficient to sustain the plaintiffs theory, it was obviously permitted to go beyond the pleading stage. There the relationship between the predecessor and successor companies was claimed to be a “de facto merger” and a mere continuation of the predecessor's business. A test for the existence of such a relationship was pointed out by the Orlando court in footnote 1.
A de facto merger occurs when one corporation is absorbed by another, i.e., there is a continuity of the selling corporation evidenced by such things as the same management, personnel, assets, location and stockholders. Arnold Graphics Industries, Inc. v. Independent Agent Center, Inc., 775 F. 2d 38 (2d Cir.1985). The finder of fact may look to any other factors reasonably indicative of commonality or of distinctiveness. “The bottom-line question is whether each entity has run its own race, or whether there has been a relay-style passing of the baton from one to the other.” Oman International Finance Ltd. v. Hoiyong Gems Corp., 616 F.Supp. 351, 361 (D.C.R.I.1985).
We would caution the trial bar not to interpret this decision as a “green light” for judgment creditors to bypass utilization of Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.570 and section 56.29, Florida Statutes (1987) in search of a “deeper pocket.” On the other hand, limited to the factual setting set forth in appellant’s complaint and the elements enumerated above, there appears to be no prohibition against appellant’s proceeding against this appellee, assuming appellant’s amended complaint can cure the pleading defects, once given leave to so amend. As an aside, we would further note that judicial economy might best be served by consideration of consolidation of this action with the prior lawsuit.
In any event, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
HERSEY, C.J., and GARRETT, J., concur. . Cf. Wieczoreck v. H & H Builders, Inc., 450 So. 2d 867 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984).
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Amjad Munim, M.D., P.A. v. George Azar, M.D., 648 So. 2d 145 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994)…sing corporation. Id. The change is in form, but not in substance. The tests for the existence of a de facto merger or a mere continuation of the predecessor’s business was adopted by our court in 300 Pine Island Assoc, v. Steven L. Cohen & Assoc., 547 So. 2d 255, 256 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989), citing from a footnote in Orlando Light Bulb Serv., Inc. v. Laser Lighting and Elec. Supply, Inc., 523 So. 2d 740, 742 n. 1 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988): A de facto merger occurs when one corporation is absorbed by another, i.e., t…
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Lab. Corp. OF Am. v. Prof'l Recovery Network, 813 So. 2d 266 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002)…ntity has run its own race, or whether there has been a relay-style passing of the baton from one to the other.” Oman Int’l Fin. Ltd. v. Hoiyong Gems Corp., 616 F.Supp. 351, 361 (D.C.R.I.1985). See 300 Pine Island Assoc, v. Steven L. Cohen & Assoc., 547 So. 2d 255, 256 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989). The significant question is whether there has been a change in form, but not in substance. The test for the existence of a de facto merger or a mere continuation of the predecessor’s business was set forth in 300 Pine Isla…
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Chaul v. Abu-Ghazaleh, 994 So. 2d 465 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008)…n is absorbed by another, i.e., there is a continuity of the [*468] selling corporation evidenced by such things as the same management, personnel, assets, location and stockholders.” 300 Pine Island Assocs., Ltd. v. Steven L. Cohen & Assocs., P.A., 547 So. 2d 255, 256 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989). GEAM, with the approval of its shareholders, sold the two subsidiaries to an entirely different entity, IAT Group, Inc. The test for a de facto merger was not met. For the stated reasons, we conclude that the plaintiffs la…
Authorities Cited
- Wieczoreck v. H & H Builders, Inc., 450 So. 2d 867 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984)
- Anderson v. State, 523 So. 2d 740 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988)
- Arnold Graphics Indus., Inc. v. Indep. Agent Ctr., Inc., 775 F.2d 38 (2d Cir. 1985)