LOUIS DEL FAVERO ORCHIDS, INC.

v.

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, AN EXECUTIVE BRANCH AGENCY OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA AND DEWAR NURSERIES, INC.

FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

STATE OF FLORIDA

No. 1D19-1772

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and SPRING OAKS GREENHOUSES, INC.,

No. 1D19-1777

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and DEWAR NURSERIES, INC.,

No. 1D19-1778

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and DELEON’S BROMELIADS, INC.,

No. 1D19-1780

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and HART’S PLANT NURSERY, INC.,

No. 1D19-1781

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and PERKINS NURSERY, INC.,

No. 1D19-1782

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and REDLAND NURSERY, INC.,

No. 1D19-1783

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and TREE KING-TREE FARM, INC.,

No. 1D19-1784

v. FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, an executive branch agency of the State of Florida and BILL’S NURSERY, INC.,

On appeal from a Final Order of the Department of Health.

February 10, 2020 PER CURIAM.

Louis Del Favero Orchids, Inc. (Del Favero), challenges eight final administrative orders of the Florida Department of Health (DOH). Prior to the entry of the orders, administrative proceedings had commenced with the Division of Administrative Hearings (DOAH) but then were remanded back to DOH due to the entry of an injunction by the circuit court in Florigrown, LLC v. Florida Department of Health, Case No. 2017 CA 002549 (Fla. 2d Cir. Ct., Leon Cnty.).¹ Thereafter, DOH and the applicants (the other Appellees here) entered into a joint settlement agreement under which the applicants’ administrative actions were voluntarily dismissed by the respective applicants and each applicant was licensed as a Medical Marijuana Treatment Center. See § 381.986(8), Fla. Stat. (2018). We dismiss Del Favero’s appeals based on a lack of standing and therefore decline to address the other issues raised by Del Favero.

Standing is a question of law which we review de novo. South Broward Hosp. Dist. v. State, Agency for Health Care Admin., 141 So. 3d 678, 680 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014). Del Favero was not a specifically named entity whose substantial interests were being determined in any of the eight DOH actions or the administrative proceedings before DOAH concerning those actions. See § 120.52(13)(a), Fla. Stat. And while Del Favero alleged its economic interests were affected in general by DOH’s orders, Del Favero never made an appearance as a party in any of the eight actions. See § 120.52(13)(b), Fla. Stat. Although Del Favero filed motions to intervene in six of the DOAH appeals, it failed to obtain

any rulings on the motions before the appeals were closed and the actions remanded by the administrative law judge. Del Favero was not a party to the joint settlement agreement and had not been denied a license based on any application filed pursuant to section 381.986(8).

Since Del Favero was not a party to the administrative actions, as defined by section 120.52(13) and described in section 120.68(1)(a), Florida Statutes, it does not have standing to bring these appeals. See FRS-Fast Reliable Seaway, LLC v. Bd. of Pilot Comm’rs, 261 So. 3d 744 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018) (denying petition for writ of certiorari; even if petitioner was adversely affected by final order resulting from settlement between parties and agency, petitioner did not meet definition of “party” under § 120.52(13)); Norkunas v. State Bldg. Comm’n, 982 So. 2d 1227 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008) (dismissing appeal; appellant not a party to administrative agency action and thus lacked standing to appeal final order).

Further, in the administrative actions where Del Favero sought to intervene, Del Favero could not have shown that its substantial interests would be sufficiently affected by the outcome of the administrative appeals. As explained in South Broward Hospital District, competitors seeking to intervene must establish that “(1) they would ‘suffer injury in fact which is of sufficient immediacy to entitle [them] to a section 120.57 hearing, and (2) that [their] substantial injury is of a type or nature which the proceeding is designed to protect.’” South Broward Hosp. Dist., 141 So. 3d at 681 (quoting Agrico Chem. Co. v. Dep’t of Envtl. Regulation, 406 So. 2d 478, 482 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981)). The injury-in-fact prong of this test requires a showing of “actual or immediate threatened injury at the time the petition was filed, and ‘[t]he injury of threat of injury must be both real and immediate, not conjectural or hypothetical.’” South Broward Hosp. Dist., 141 So. 3d at 681 (quoting Village Park Mobile Home Ass’n, Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Business Regulation, 506 So. 2d 426, 433 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987)) (on motion for rehearing).

No injury-in-fact is demonstrated by Del Favero because there were three potential Medical Marijuana Treatment Center licenses available under section 381.986(8)(a)2. prior to the agency’s final orders, and there remain three potential licenses

after the entry of the final orders Del Favero challenges.² The preference to be given to former citrus processors as provided by section 381.986(8)(a)3., that Del Favero planned to claim in a future application, was not eliminated by DOH’s final orders. It was undisputed that Del Favero never applied for a license under section 381.986(8) and consequently, no such application by Del Favero had ever been denied.³

Finally, even if Del Favero had been improperly denied intervention, the error would be harmless because an intervenor’s rights are subordinate to the rights of the parties. Environmental Confederation of S.W. Fla., Inc. v. IMC Phosphates, Inc., 857 So. 2d 207 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003); see also Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.230. An intervenor’s status exists “only so long as the litigation continues between the parties” and is “lost altogether if the parties decided to settle the case or voluntarily dismiss it.” Environmental Confederation, 857 So. 2d at 211. The parties to the eight administrative actions here decided to settle, and the actions were voluntarily dismissed.

Because Del Favero lacks standing to appeal the challenged orders, these appeals are DISMISSED.

MAKAR, BILBREY, and JAY, JJ., concur.