TROY DELL KIRBY, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 1st DCA | 1989-12-08
No. 88-3229
SHIVERS, C.J., and WIGGINTON, J., concur.
553 So. 2d 1290 Florida District Court of Appeal, First District (1989) Positive Treatment
Cited by 14 cases

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Holding

The court held that sentences exceeding sentencing guidelines are affirmed if at least one of the stated reasons for departure is legally sufficient.


Headnotes

[1] Convictions for offenses committed after the offenses for which a defendant is being sentenced may serve as a basis for departure from sentencing guidelines recommendatio…

[2] An escalating pattern of criminal behavior, evidenced by a progression of increasingly severe nonviolent offenses, constitutes a permissible reason for departing from sen…

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Facts & Procedural History

Appellant was sentenced to terms exceeding guidelines for grand theft and passing worthless checks. The trial court cited three reasons for departing …

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Opinion of the Court
WENTWORTH, Judge.

WENTWORTH, Judge.

Appellant seeks review of consecutive five year sentences for two counts of grand theft, and concurrent five year sentences for two counts of passing a worthless bank check. The sentences exceed the Fla.R. Crim.P. 3.701 guidelines recommendation of community control or 12 to 30 months incarceration. Because we find that two of the court’s three written reasons permit departure from the guidelines recommendation, in accordance with section 921.-001(5), Florida Statutes, we affirm the challenged sentences.

The court’s written sentencing order specified three reasons for departing from the guidelines recommendation. The first stated reason was that:

[Appellant] was convicted ... of two felonies which were not scored ... because they were convictions occurring after the commission of the ... offenses in this case.

At sentencing it was represented to the court that the referenced felonies were committed after the offenses for which appellant was being sentenced. In such circumstances the two additional felonies could not be scored as “prior record” under Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.701(d)(5)(a), and may serve as a basis for departure. See Merriex v. State, 521 So. 2d 249 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988). While appellant now contests the temporal sequence established below with regard to the various offenses, no such challenge was presented at sentencing and we therefore decline to entertain this factual dispute on appeal. Appellant further argues that in departing from the guidelines recommendation the court imposed'a sentence far in excess of that which would have been recommended had the additional felonies been scored under “prior record.” While appellant deems this a “proportionality” argument, he is essentially challenging the extent of departure, which is not subject to appellate review. See section 921.-001(5), Florida Statutes.

As an additional reason for departing from the guidelines recommendation the court also stated that:

... [Appellant] has entered into an escalating pattern of criminal behavior ... starting with misdemeanor worthless checks and escalating in the past three (3) years to felony fraudulent activities in regards to ‘worthless check kiting’ as had been exhibited in this case.

Insofar as this escalating pattern is supported by an evidentiary predicate, it constitutes a permissible reason for departing from the guidelines recommendation. See e.g., Ponder v. State, 530 So. 2d 1057 (Fla. 1st DCA 1988); Keys v. State, 500 So. 2d 134 (Fla.1986). Section 921.001(8), Florida Statutes, expressly approves an “escalating pattern of criminal conduct” as a permissible reason for departure, noting that it “may be evidenced by a progression from nonviolent to violent crimes or a progression of increasingly violent crimes.” While appellant’s offenses do not involve violent crimes, we do not construe section 921.-001(8) as necessarily requiring a violent progression, as the statutory language indicating that an escalating pattern “may be” so established does not negate the possibility that it may also be established in other ways. We thus adhere to existing case law which approves departure upon an escalating pattern as to the severity of offenses which are strictly nonviolent. See Maulden v. State, 539 So. 2d 1165 (Fla.4th DCA 1989); Simmons v. State, 483 So. 2d 530 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986).

As a final reason for departure the court stated that:

... In light of [appellant’s] continual eighteen (18) year history of writing worthless bank checks, there is insufficient evidence of possible rehabilitation and a glaring inability of [appellant] to recognize and deter from his criminal activity.

While this reason also focuses upon appellant’s lengthy history of committing similar offenses, to the extent that the court was concerned with appellant’s disregard of the law and inability to be rehabilitated this is an impermissible reason for departure. See e.g., Coleman v. State, 521 So. 2d 265 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988). The state concedes that this reason will not support departure from the guidelines recommendation. But where multiple reasons are given, section 921.001(5) provides that “the departure shall be upheld when at least one circumstance or factor justifies the departure .... ” Because we find that the court’s two other stated reason are permissible justifications for departure, in accordance with section 921.001(5) the existence of a third reasons which is inappropriate does not impact the validity of appellant’s sentences.

The challenged sentences are affirmed.

SHIVERS, C.J., and WIGGINTON, J., concur.


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Citator

Cited By

  • Williams v. State, 581 So. 2d 144 (Fla. 1991)
    …ed a progression from nonviolent to violent crimes, we do not believe that this is a requirement so long as the defendant has shown a pattern of engaging in increasingly serious criminal activity. Thus, we agree with the rationale of Kirby v. State, 553 So. 2d 1290, 1291-92 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989), review denied, 562 So. 2d 346 (Fla.1990), in which the court said: Section 921.001(8), Florida Statutes, expressly approves an “escalating pattern of criminal conduct” as a permissible reason for departure, noting that…
  • Peters v. State, 128 So. 3d 832 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)
    …aneous written reasons for the departure.” Fain v. State, 888 So. 2d 762, 763 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004). Where multiple reasons are given, “ ‘the departure shall be upheld when at least one circumstance or factor justifies the departure.’ ” Kirby v. State, 553 So. 2d 1290, 1292 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989) (quoting § 921.001(5), Fla. Stat. (1989)). As “an inherent component of the crime, ... [fjactors already taken into account in calculating the guidelines score can never support departure.” State v. Rousseau, 509 So. 2d 28…
  • Williams v. State, 566 So. 2d 299 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990)
    …e finding. Thus, we hold that the first reason is invalid. The second reason is valid, however. A departure may be based upon an escalating pattern in the severity of the offenses, even though those offenses are strictly nonviolent. Kirby v. State, 553 So. 2d 1290 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989), rev. denied 562 So. 2d 346 (Fla.1990). In light of the validity of one of the stated reasons, the departure sentence may be upheld notwithstanding the presence of the invalid reason, § 921.001(5), Fla.Stat. (1987); Taylor v. Sta…

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