DAVID JACOBSON
v.
DAVID RUBINS
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The appellate court vacated a portion of a discovery order that improperly enjoined a party from defamatory conduct. The court found the injunction to be an unlawful prior restraint, entered without proper notice or pleadings, and unsupported by evidence.
Yes, the appellate court held that the injunction was improper. It constituted an unlawful prior restraint on speech, was entered without due process, and lacked evidentiary support.
[1] Injunctions may not be employed to prohibit the making of defamatory statements.
[2] A trial court violates a party's due process rights when it enters an injunction outside the pleadings and without notice.
Previewing 2 of 4 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“The italicized directive is erroneous for a variety of reasons. For one thing, it is an improper prior restraint on Jacobson's speech.”
Establishes the primary legal error found by the court.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceDuring discovery in a real estate dispute, one party (Rubins) sought a protective order to prevent further depositions. Rubins' attorney mentioned def…
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NORTHCUTT, Judge. David Jacobson appeals an order entered during a discovery dispute, arguing that the order contains an improper injunction. We agree, and we vacate that portion of the order. Jacobson and David Rubins are engaged in circuit court litigation involving a real estate transaction. During discovery, Rubins moved for a protective order to preclude a second taking of his and his wife's
depositions, and Jacobson moved to compel the depositions. In the motion for protective order and at the hearing on the motions, Rubin's attorney complained—immaterially and absent pleadings or evidence— that Jacobson had been defaming the Rubinses. During the hearing, the court correctly pointed out that the assertion was irrelevant to the discovery dispute, and it declined to consider it beyond admonishing Jacobson's attorney to caution him about the potential ramifications of any such conduct.
Nevertheless, the court later issued a written order on the motions that states: ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Plaintiff's Amended Motion for Protective Order [Doc. #344] is DENIED to bar the depositions but Defendant shall not video or take photographs and shall cease all Defendant's extrajudicial defamatory conduct towards Plaintiff, DAVID RUBINS and his wife, BETH RUBINS. (Emphasis added.) The italicized directive is erroneous for a variety of reasons. For one thing, it is an improper prior restraint on Jacobson's speech. See Krapacs v. Bacchus, 301 So. 3d 976, 979 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020).
Injunctions may not be employed to prohibit the making of defamatory statements. Id. at 980; Vrasic v. Leibel, 106 So. 3d 485, 486 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013); see also Budlove v. Johnson, 377 So. 3d 206, 209 (Fla. 2d DCA 2023) (injunctions prohibiting communications about individuals are generally unlawful prior restraints).
Also, the injunction is outside the pleadings, and it was entered without notice; as such, it violates Jacobson's right to due process. See Pro-Art Dental Lab, Inc. v. V-Strategic Grp., LLC, 986 So. 2d 1244, 1252 (Fla. 2008) (" 'Florida law clearly holds that a trial court lacks jurisdiction to hear and to determine matters which are not the subject of proper pleading and notice,' and '[t]o allow a court to rule on a matter without
proper pleadings and notice is violative of a party's due process rights.' " (alteration in original) (quoting Carroll & Assocs., P.A. v. Galindo, 864 So. 2d 24, 28–29 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003))).
The circuit court further erred by failing to require Rubins to post a bond, as required by Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.610(b). See Fla. High Sch. Activities Ass'n v. Mander, 932 So. 2d 314, 315–16 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (holding that temporary injunction was defective because it did not require the movant to post a bond).
Finally, and basically, the injunction is wholly unsupported by evidence. See SunTrust Banks, Inc. v. Cauthon & McGuigan, PLC, 78 So. 3d 709, 711 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (party seeking injunction must prove entitlement therefor by competent, substantial evidence). For each of these reasons, we vacate the above-quoted italicized language in the order under review.
Vacated in part. SILBERMAN and VILLANTI, JJ., Concur. Opinion subject to revision prior to official publication.
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- Pro-Art Dental LAB, Inc. v. V-Strategic Grp., LLC, 986 So. 2d 1244 (Fla. 2008)
- Vrasic v. Lome Leibel, 106 So. 3d 485 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)
- Fla. High Sch. Activities Ass'n v. Mander, 932 So. 2d 314 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)
- Krapacs v. Nisha E. Bacchus, 301 So. 3d 976 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020)
- Budlove v. Jonetta Johnson (Fla. 2d DCA 2023)