ROBERT J. CARROLL, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 2d DCA | 1991-01-11
No. 88-2892
HALL and ALTENBERND, JJ., concur.
573 So. 2d 148 Florida District Court of Appeal, Second District (1991) Positive Treatment
Cited by 12 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.

Synopsis

Robert Carroll appeals his cocaine possession conviction, arguing his arrest for loitering and prowling violated the Fourth Amendment because officers lacked probable cause. The Florida District Court of Appeal agrees, finding that legally parking in a driveway and talking to someone during early evening, without observation of illegal activity, does not establish the requisite probable cause for arrest under Florida's loitering statute.


Holding

No. The court held that officers lacked probable cause to arrest Carroll for loitering and prowling because his conduct, while suspicious, did not establish the requisite circumstances warranting justifiable and immediate concern for the safety of persons or property in the area.


Headnotes

[1] An arrest for loitering and prowling requires not only suspicious behavior but also circumstances that warrant a justifiable and immediate concern for the safety of perso…

[2] A suspect's inconsistent answers to police questions, without more, do not establish probable cause for an arrest for loitering and prowling.

Previewing 2 of 4 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Key Quotes

“because the loitering or prowling statute does not proscribe particular conduct, it reaches the outer limits of constitutionality and must be applied with special care”

Establishes that loitering statutes require heightened scrutiny and cannot be applied casually

Previewing 1 of 3 key quotes on this case — the court’s exact language, pinpointed for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Facts & Procedural History

On December 4, 1987, Lee County deputies observed Carroll sitting in a legally parked truck with its lights on at the end of a private driveway. An un…

The full statement of facts, procedural history, and disposition for this case are member content.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

© FLexlaw, Inc. — AI-generated enrichments are proprietary. All rights reserved.


Opinion of the Court
SCHEB, Acting Chief Judge.

SCHEB, Acting Chief Judge.

The defendant appeals his judgment and sentence of possession of cocaine, a violation of section 893.13, Florida Statutes (1987). He pled nolo contendere, reserving his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. On appeal, he argues that he was improperly arrested and thus the contraband found during a patdown search incident to the arrest was improperly admitted into evidence. We agree and reverse.

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, two Lee County deputies testified. About 6:40 p.m. on December 4, 1987, while sitting in their marked ear, they observed the defendant sitting in a truck with its lights on, legally parked at the end of a private driveway. An unidentified person was standing beside the driver’s door of the truck. When the officers drove up, the truck lights went out and the person standing next to the door fled. One of the officers asked the defendant what he was doing, and the defendant replied that he was looking for a Jose Rodriguez who lived in a nearby house. The officer questioned a passing pedestrian who acknowledged she was Mrs. Rodriguez and said she did not know the defendant. The defendant then gave somewhat inconsistent answers to the officers’ questions regarding who had been standing beside his truck. At that point, the officers placed the defendant under arrest for loitering and prowling, section 856.021, Florida Statutes (1987).

When the defendant raised his hands during the subsequent patdown search, he apparently dropped two white chunks of cocaine into the bed of his truck. This cocaine is the basis of the defendant’s conviction for possession and was the subject of his motion to suppress.

On appeal, the defendant argues that the officers lacked the requisite probable cause to arrest him for loitering and prowling.

We agree. As our sister court has said, because the loitering or prowling statute does not proscribe particular conduct, it reaches the outer limits of constitutionality and must be applied with special care. D.A. v. State, 471 So. 2d 147, 153 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985).

Accordingly, Florida courts have insisted that for probable cause to exist, the suspect must not only be acting in an unusual or suspicious manner, but under circumstances that warrant a justifiable and immediate concern for the safety of persons or property in the area. State v. Ecker, 311 So. 2d 104 (Fla.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1019, 96 S.Ct. 455, 46 L.Ed.2d 391 (1975); State v. Freeman, 542 So. 2d 483 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989).

While the defendant’s behavior may have caused the officers to become suspicious, we agree with the defendant that there was no basis for immediate alarm for persons and property. The defendant was legally parked in the driveway of a private residence, talking to someone during the early evening. He was not observed to be engaged in any illegal activity.

The state argues that the circumstances created a justifiable concern for the community’s safety because the officers suspected that the defendant and the man standing beside the truck were involved in a drug purchase. The state notes that drug purchases often turn violent.

Thus, it contends that the defendant’s answers to the officers’ questions established probable cause that he was loitering and prowling.

We disagree. See Chamson v. State, 529 So. 2d 1160 (Fla. 3d DCA), review denied, 539 So. 2d 476 (Fla.1988) (suspect’s incomplete answer regarding his reason for being crouched near a dumpster in a hotel alley did not warrant a finding that breach of the peace or public safety was imminent); Ingram v. State, 502 So. 2d 529 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987) (suspect’s disproved explanation for being outside window of an apartment did not give officers probable cause to arrest).

The defendant and the state both advance arguments regarding whether a defendant who was properly arrested under section 856.021 would have a defense if the officers never specifically asked him to identify himself. Since our decision on the first issue is dispositive, we need not reach this issue.

Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order denying the defendant’s motion to suppress.

HALL and ALTENBERND, JJ., concur.


Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus


Citator

Cited By

  • Simms v. State, 51 So. 3d 1264 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011)
    …, 1161 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988)); Springfield, 481 So. 2d at 977); see also D.L.B. v. State, 685 So. 2d 1340, 1342 (Fla. 2d DCA 1996). Finally, we note that the loitering or prowling statute requires special care in its application. See Carroll v. State, 573 So. 2d 148, 148 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (observing that the loitering or prowling statute “reaches the outer limits of constitutionality and must be applied with special care”) (citing D.A., 471 So. 2d at 153); Rinehart v. State, 778 So. 2d 331, 335 (Fla. 2d DCA 20…
  • McCLAMMA v. State, 138 So. 3d 578 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014)
    …. 2d 147, 153 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985), the court has explained: “[Bjecause the loitering or prowling statute does not proscribe particular conduct, it reaches the outer limits of constitutionality and must be applied with special care.” Carroll v. State, 573 So. 2d 148, 148 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991). In the next section, we suggest that the “special care” required for this offense can most easily be achieved if the law enforcement officer who makes the stop, and the lawyers and judges thereafter, give close attention to…
  • S.K.W. v. State, 112 So. 3d 775 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013)
    …gh to elicit justified immediate concern for neighborhood safety necessary for loitering or prowling arrest). The loitering or prowling statute “reaches the outer limits of constitutionality and must be applied with special care.” Carroll v. State, 573 So. 2d 148, 148 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (citing D.A. v. State, 471 So. 2d 147, 153 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985)). “Loitering has long been an offense that occasionally tempts good police officers to exercise power in a manner that is inconsistent with the standards of our fr…

Previewing 3 of 6 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Authorities Cited

Full citator, related cases, and AI research tools

Open in FLexlaw