PARVIN WRIGHT, APPELLANT/CROSS-APPELLEE,
v.
ROBERT T. CARUANA, ET AL., APPELLEES/CROSS-APPELLANTS
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In this negligence action arising from a 1987 automobile accident, the court addressed whether a defendant's offer of judgment made only 27 days before trial could serve as a basis for recovering costs and attorney's fees. The court held that offers of judgment must provide the offeree with a full 30 days to accept, and reversed the lower court's award of costs to defendants while affirming the denial of attorney's fees.
The court held that an offer of judgment must be made so that the offeree has 30 days within which to timely accept it, and an offer that does not comply with this requirement cannot serve as the basis for an award of costs or attorney's fees. The defendants' offer made on December 10th, only 27 days before trial, failed to meet this requirement. Additionally, Wright, as the prevailing party, was entitled to recover her costs under Florida Statutes Section 57.041.
[1] An offer of judgment made less than thirty days prior to the commencement of trial is invalid and cannot serve as the basis for an award of attorney's fees.
[2] A party may not accept an offer of judgment after trial has commenced, even if the acceptance occurs within the statutory thirty-day period.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“Therefore, we hold that an offer of judgment must be made so that the offeree has 30 days in which to timely accept it. An offer that does not comply with this requirement may not serve as the basis for an award of costs or attorney's fees.”
Establishes the core holding that offers of judgment must provide a full 30-day acceptance period to be enforceable for costs and fees purposes.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceParvin Wright sued Robert and Susan Caruana for negligence following a March 2, 1987 automobile accident. On December 10, 1992, the defendants made an…
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LEVY, Judge.
The plaintiff and defendants in a negligence action appeal and cross-appeal the trial court’s orders relating to costs and attorney’s fees. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Appellant/plaintiff Parvin Wright brought suit against appellees/defendants Robert Ca-ruana and Susan Caruana for negligence af ter an automobile accident which occurred on March 2,1987. The case was set for trial for the two-week period commencing January 4, 1993.1 Prior to the trial period, the case was referred to mediation pursuant to Florida Statutes Chapter 44. The mediation took place on December 9, 1992, but the parties reached an impasse. On December 10,1992, the Caruanas made an offer of judgment to Wright, in the amount of $4,000, pursuant to Florida Statutes Section 768.79. Wright did not respond to the offer, and the case went to trial on January 6, 1993. On January 8, 1993, the jury returned a verdict for Wright, assessing Wright’s damages at $4,080, but also finding Wright to be 60% negligent, which had the effect of reducing the jury award to $2,040. Immediately after receiving this verdict on January 8th, Wright filed an acceptance of the $4,000 offer of judgment made on December 10th by the Caruanas. The trial court later entered a final judgment for Wright for $2,040 in accordance with the jury verdict, and reserved jurisdiction to tax costs.
Wright moved for costs as the prevailing party under Florida Statutes Section 67.041. The Caruanas moved for costs and attorney’s fees under § 768.79, since the judgment was more than 26% below the offer. The trial court awarded the Caruanas their costs, but denied them their attorney’s fees. The trial court denied Wright’s motion for costs. Wright now appeals the denial of her own costs and the award to the Caruanas of their costs. The Caruanas cross-appeal the denial of their attorney’s fees.
The underlying accident in this case occurred in 1987 and the original complaint was filed in January of 1989. Consequently, there is an abundance of “offer of judgment” law which may potentially apply in determining the proper outcome. Both former Rule of Civil Procedure 1.4422 and Florida Statutes Section 45.061 govern offers of judgment. However, the Caruanas’ offer of judgment was not made pursuant to either of these sources. Moreover, each of these sources require that the offer be made more than 60 days prior to trial, which was plainly not complied with here. See § 45.061(1), Fla. Stat. (1991); Fla.R.Civ.P. 1.442(b) (version effective January 1, 1990). Therefore, neither former Rule 1.442 nor § 45.061 applies to this case.
This leaves us to consider and apply the offer of judgment statute codified as § 768.-79. The parties have briefed and argued the issue of which version of § 768.79 applies to this case.3 However, our resolution of this case renders this issue moot.
Under both versions of the statute, “if a defendant files an offer of judgment which is not accepted by the plaintiff within SO days, the defendant shall be entitled to recover reasonable costs and attorney’s fees_” § 768.79(l)(a), Fla.Stat. (Supp. 1986) and § 768.79(1), Fla.Stat. (Supp.1990) (emphasis supplied). This statutory language plainly contemplates that an offeree have a full 30 days within which to accept an offer of judgment. See also § 768.79(4), Fla. Stat. (Supp.1990) (“An offer shall be accepted by filing a written acceptance with the court within 30 days after service.”). Therefore, we hold that an offer of judgment must be made so that the offeree has 30 days in which to timely accept it. An offer that does not comply with this requirement may not serve as the basis for an award of costs or attorney’s fees. This rule does not prevent an offeree from actually accepting an untimely offer and avoiding trial; it merely prevents the offer from later serving as the basis for an award of costs and attorney’s fees under the statute.
Turning to the facts of this ease, the Caruanas’ offer was made on December 10th, 27 days prior to trial. Since Wright had less than 30 days in which to accept the offer, the offer may not serve as the basis for an award of costs or attorney’s fees in favor of the Caruanas. The trial court properly denied attorney’s fees to the Caruanas, but erred in awarding them their costs.
Our conclusion here is not altered by Florida Statutes Section 44.102(5)(b), (1991), which provides:
Sections 45.061 and 768.79 notwithstanding, an offer of settlement or an offer or demand for judgment may be made at any time after an impasse has been declared by the mediator, or the mediator has reported that no agreement was reached. An offer is deemed rejected as of commencement of trial.
The Caruanas’ offer was in fact made immediately following court-ordered mediation which had reached an impasse. However, an offeror who intends to rely on § 44.-102(5)(b)4 must so indicate in the offer of judgment itself. See Nordyne, Inc. v. Florida, Mobile Home Supply, Inc., 625 So. 2d 1283, 1290 (Fla. 1st DCA) (where offeror failed to inform offeree at time it served its demand for judgment that it intended to rely on § 44.102, offeror was precluded from doing so after the fact), review dismissed, 630 So. 2d 1100 (Fla.1993). Since the Caruanas’ offer did not indicate an intent to rely on § 44.102(5)(b), they may not now benefit from the statute’s provisions.
Finally, because Wright was clearly the prevailing party in this case, she should have been awarded her costs pursuant to Florida Statutes Section 57.041(1). See Liebling v. Florida Energy Management, Inc., 619 So. 2d 441, 443 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993); Reinhardt v. Bono, 564 So. 2d 1233, 1235 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990); Luizza v. Yaeger, 571 So. 2d 600, 601 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990); Gunn v. DePaoli, 562 So. 2d 427, 427-28 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990); Bridges v. Newton, 556 So. 2d 1170, 1171 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990); Oriental Imports, Inc. v. Alilin, 559 So. 2d 442, 443 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990). Our disposition of the § 768.79 issue makes it clear that on remand, the trial court should enter an order awarding Wright all of her taxable costs for prosecuting this action.
The denial of the Caruanas’ motion for attorney’s fees is affirmed. The granting of the Caruanas’ motion for costs is reversed. The denial of Wright’s motion for costs is also reversed, and this case is remanded for entry of a cost award in favor of Wright pursuant to § 57.041.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
. The delay in proceeding to trial was a result of pretrial appellate litigation, unrelated to the issues now before us. See Wright v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 570 So. 2d 1130 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990), approved, 583 So. 2d 1033 (Fla.1991).
. Previous versions of Rule 1.442 contained procedural requirements for the making of offers of judgment. See, e.g., The Florida Bar re: Amendment to Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 1,442 (Offer of Judgment), 550 So. 2d 442 (Fla.1989). However, Rule 1.442 was repealed and replaced with the procedural elements of § 768.79 on July 9, 1992. See Timmons v. Combs, 608 So. 2d 1, 3 (Fla. 1992).
.The original version of this statute, § 768.79, Fla.Stat. (Supp. 1986), became effective July 1, 1986. See Ch. 86-160, § 70, at 763, Laws of Fla. The statute was later amended effective October 1, 1990. See Ch. 90-119, § 55, at 403, Laws of Fla. . This subsection is now § 44.102(6)(b).
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Knealing v. Puleo, 675 So. 2d 593 (Fla. 1996)…required to inform a plaintiff of its intent to rely on section 44.102 in order to obtain fees and costs pursuant to section 768.79. The court recognized that its decision on this issue conflicted with the decisions in Nordyne and Wright v. Caruana, 640 So. 2d 197 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994). Based on our conclusion that section 44.102(6)(b) is unconstitutional, we need not address whether notice of intent to rely on this provision is necessary. Accordingly, we answer the certified question affirmatively. We quash Pu…
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Bessey v. Difilippo, 951 So. 2d 992 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007)…, as such, is entitled to his taxable costs.” Id. (citing section 57.041(1), Florida Statutes (1991), and Hendry Tractor Co. v. Fernandez, 432 So. 2d 1315, 1316 (Fla.1983)). A negligence action also arose out of a car accident in Wright v. Caruana, 640 So. 2d 197, 198 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994). The Wright court ruled that the plaintiff should have been awarded her costs4 pursuant to section 57.041(1), Florida Statutes, because she was “clearly the prevailing party,” although the jury found her fifty per cent liable…1 / 2
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Arellano v. Lisette Arellano Bisson and Randolph J. Bisson, 761 So. 2d 365 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000)…ce. Department of Health & Rehab. Servs. v. Crossdale, 585 So. 2d 481, 483 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991). As this reasoning demonstrates, there is no basis for denying appellants, as prevailing parties, costs under [*367] this section. See Wright v. Caruana, 640 So. 2d 197 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994). Based on the foregoing, we reverse the orders denying fees and costs, and remand for further proceedings. Reversed and remanded. . Although appellants are also entitled to fees under section 772.11, Florida Statutes (1997), se…
Previewing 3 of 9 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited (11 total)
- Timmons v. Combs, 608 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1992)
- Nordyne, Inc. v. Fla. Mobile Home Supply, Inc., 625 So. 2d 1283 (Fla. 1st DCA 1993)
- The Fla. Bar re: Amendment to Rules of Civil Procedure, 550 So. 2d 442 (Fla. 1989)
- Oriental Imports, Inc. v. Rosario Alilin and E. Roger Alilin, M.D., 559 So. 2d 442 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990)
- Peoples GAS Sys., Inc. v. Peoples First Nat'l Bank of N. Miami Beach, 556 So. 2d 1170 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990)
- Gillette v. State, 571 So. 2d 600 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990)
- Gunn v. Enso DePAOLI, 562 So. 2d 427 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990)
- Reinhardt v. Bono, 564 So. 2d 1233 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990)
- Parvin Wright v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 570 So. 2d 1130 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990)
- Liebling v. Fla. Energy Mgmt., Inc., 619 So. 2d 441 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993)