PRISON REHABILITATIVE INDUSTRIES AND DIVERSIFIED ENTERPRISES, INC., APPELLANTS,
v.
JACQUELYN JUANITA BETTERSON, APPELLEE
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PRIDE (Prison Rehabilitative Industries and Diversified Enterprises, Inc.) appealed the trial court's denial of its motion to dismiss a negligence suit by Jacquelyn Betterson for injuries sustained in a 1988 automobile accident involving a cow owned by PRIDE. The court held that PRIDE is a state agency entitled to sovereign immunity under Florida law, and therefore the trial court erred in denying PRIDE's motion to dismiss.
PRIDE is a state agency within the meaning of section 768.28 and entitled to sovereign immunity. The 1992 enactment of section 946.5026 merely clarified PRIDE's existing status as an instrumentality of the state, rather than effecting a substantive change in the law. The trial court erred in denying PRIDE's motion to dismiss.
[1] Subsequent enactments of a statute may be considered as an aid to interpreting the original legislation, and an amendment does not necessarily indicate a legislative inte…
[2] A legislative clarification of a statute is intended to make the statute correspond to what was previously supposed or assumed to be the law, rather than to change the la…
Previewing 2 of 5 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“the court may consider subsequent enactments of a statute as an aid to interpreting the original legislation and [t]he amendment of a statute does not necessarily indicate that the legislature intended to change the law.”
Establishes the rule of statutory construction that subsequent enactments can clarify rather than change existing law.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceIn October 1992, Betterson sued PRIDE for personal injuries sustained in a 1988 automobile accident in which she collided with a cow owned by PRIDE an…
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ZEHMER, Chief Judge.
In October 1992, Jacquelyn Juanita Better-son sued Prison Rehabilitative Industries and Diversified Enterprises, Inc. (PRIDE), alleging she sustained personal injuries in a 1988 automobile accident in which she collided with a cow owned by PRIDE and negligently allowed to run free on the highway. PRIDE moved to dismiss the action because PRIDE is an agency of the state, the Department of Insurance had not been served as required by subsection 768.28(7), Florida Statutes (Supp.1988), and such service had not been perfected within 120 days as mandated by rule 1.070(i), Florida Rules of Civil Procedure. See Austin v. Gaylord, 603 So. 2d 66 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992).
In denying the motion in part,1 the trial court ruled that PRIDE “was not a state agency within the meaning of section 768.28” at the time the alleged cause of action accrued and therefore Ms. Betterson was not required to comply with that statute.
We agree with PRIDE that this ruling is not supported by the relevant statutory provisions and case law.
The definition of “state agency” in section 768.28 includes “corporations primarily acting as instrumentalities of the state.” § 768.28(2), Fla.Stat. In 1992, the Legislature enacted section 946.5026, Florida Statutes,2 specifically providing that PRIDE “is deemed to be a corporation primarily acting as an instrumentality of the state” and that “[t]he provisions of s. 768.28 shall be applicable” to it. In denying sovereign immunity status to PRIDE in the instant case, the trial court implicitly ruled that section 946.5026 should be treated as a substantive change to existing law and given prospective effect only. PRIDE argues that rather than changing the law, section 946.5026 expressly clarified PRIDE’s previously existing status under the law. PRIDE’s contention is consistent with the generally accepted rule of statutory construction that “the court may consider subsequent enactments of a statute as an aid to interpreting the original legislation” and “[t]he amendment of a statute does not necessarily indicate that the legislature intended to change the law.” Dade County v. AT & T Info. Sys., 485 So. 2d 1302, 1304 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986).
In State ex rel. Szabo Food Services, Inc. v. Dickinson, 286 So. 2d 529, 531 (Fla.1973), the supreme court explained: The mere change of language does not necessarily indicate an intent to change the law for the intent may be to clarify what was doubtful and to safeguard against misapprehension as to existing law. Helvering v. New York Trust Co., 292 U.S. 455, 468, 54 S.Ct. 806, 810, 78 L.Ed. 1361 (1934).
The language of the amendment in 1971 was intended to make the statute correspond to what had previously been supposed or assumed to be the law. The circumstances here are such that the Legislature merely intended to clarify its original intention rather than change the law. It should be noted that this change was made before a case had arisen requiring a construction of the statute. See Dye v. Markey, 259 Iowa 1045, 147 N.W. 2d 42 (1966).
See also Ocala Breeder Sales Co. v. Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering, Department of Bus. Reg., 464 So. 2d 1272, 1274 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985); Seaboard Coast Line R.R. v. O’Connor, 229 So. 2d 663, 666 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969), cert. denied, 237 So. 2d 754 (Fla.1970). Applying the foregoing rule of construction to the statutory scheme that establishes and regulates PRIDE, we conclude that the enactment of section 946.5026 was merely intended to clarify and make entirely free from any doubt PRIDE’s existing status as an instrumentality of the state.
The statutory scheme governing PRIDE that was in effect prior to the enactment of section 946.5026 contained numerous provisions for extensive governmental control over PRIDE’s day-to-day operations sufficient for it to constitute an instrumentality of the state consistent with the rationale of our holding in Shands Teaching Hospital and Clinics, Inc. v. Lee, 478 So. 2d 77, 79 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985).
It has long been the policy of this state to provide “agricultural and marketing program[s]” to inmates of the Department of Corrections in order to facilitate their rehabilitation and reentry into society. § 946.006(1), Fla.Stat. (1993).
The Legislature has specifically found that the rehabilitative benefits provided to inmates by correctional work programs of the Department of Corrections are “essential to the state.” § 946.501(1), Fla.Stat. In 1981, the Legislature concluded that to carry out the laudable goals of these programs, provide for more effective and efficient management and administration, and contain the cost of the correctional system, the Department of Corrections should lease the prison industry program to a nonprofit corporation “organized solely for the purpose of operating” the program. See Ch. 81-125, § 1, at 254, Laws of Fla. Although the resulting legislation recites in subsection 946.502(5) that the correctional work programs “can best operate independently of state government,” it also recognizes that “the state [has] a continuing interest in assuring continuity and stability” of the programs. § 946.502(4), Fla.Stat.
Thus, while PRIDE was accorded substantial independence in the running of the work programs, its essential operations nevertheless remained subject to a number of legislatively mandated constraints over its day-today operations. See, e.g., § 946.515(5), Fla. Stat. (PRIDE is only permitted to sell its manufactured goods to private entities upon approval of the Governor); § 946.516(1) (PRIDE must annually provide the Governor and the Legislature with an independently audited financial statement and an in-depth status report concerning the operation of the correctional work programs); § 946.516(3) (PRIDE is subjected to both financial and performance audits by the Auditor General); § 946.511 (Department of Corrections is required to make a sufficient number of inmates available to PRIDE and to approve policies and procedures established by PRIDE relating to the use of inmates in its work programs); § 946.502(1) (PRIDE is restricted to nonprofit status); § 946.504(5)(a)2 (PRIDE’s articles of incorporation must be approved by the Governor); § 946.508 (Governor’s Office administers the Correctional Work Program Revolving Trust Fund which contains state funds for use by PRIDE); § 946.505 (State of Florida has a reversionary interest in all property acquired by PRIDE which relates to a correctional work program).
These statutory constraints cumulatively constitute sufficient governmental control over PRIDE’s daily operations to require the conclusion as a matter of law that PRIDE has, from its inception, acted primarily as an instrumentality of the state. See Shands Teaching Hosp. and Clinics, Inc., 478 So. 2d 77.
Furthermore, as PRIDE points out, because these statutory provisions existed long before the 1992 official legislative confirmation of PRIDE’s status for purposes of section 768.28, the enactment of section 946.5026 manifested only legislative intent to statutorily recognize PRIDE’s existing status and thereby clarify the state of the law. See Seaboard Coast Line R.R. Co., 229 So. 2d at 666.
The declaration in subsection 946.502(2) that PRIDE is not an agency within the meaning of subsection 20.03(11) is not inconsistent with our holding, and we reject Ap-pellee’s argument to the contrary. Subsection 20.03(11) defines the term “agency” to provide for a uniform nomenclature throughout the structure of the executive branch. Subsection 768.28(2), on the other hand, defines “state agency” in much broader terms for the purpose of identifying entities entitled to sovereign immunity protection. Neither are we dissuaded from our conclusion by Appellee’s argument that the provision in subsection 946.514(3), recognizing that PRIDE shall enjoy sovereign immunity in lawsuits filed against it by inmates, indicates an intent to deprive PRIDE of such immunity in all other classes of lawsuits. This statutory provision expressly recognizing that sovereign immunity applies to lawsuits by a particular class of persons in the employ of PRIDE is consistent with the conclusion that PRIDE has, from its inception, been an agency of the state subject to the statutes governing sovereign immunity. Seaboard Coast Line R.R. Co.
Accordingly, the trial court erred in ruling that PRIDE was not an instrumentality of the state within the meaning of section 768.28 so as to require service on the Department of Insurance. The order denying PRIDE’s motion to dismiss is reversed and this cause is remanded for entry of an order
dismissing the cause of action against PRIDE.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
KAHN and VAN NORTWICK, JJ., concur. . In the same order, the trial court granted the "motion for dismissal of the complaint for failure to state a cause of action in tort ... with leave to amend.” We have jurisdiction pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3)(C)(i) to review that portion of the order denying the motion to dismiss for noncompliance with rule 1.070(j). Austin.
. See Ch. 92-310, § 28, at 2979, Laws of Fla. . Although the opinion in that case noted that the actual extent of control is ordinarily a question of fact to be proved by evidence, here the proof of control rests entirely on statutory provisions, which leaves the issue to be decided as a matter of law.
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Andreas Keck v. Ashleigh K. Eminisor, 104 So. 3d 359 (Fla. 2012)…y consider subsequent enactments of a statute as an aid to interpreting the original legislation’ and ‘[t]he amendment of a statute does not necessarily indicate that the [Legislature intended to change the law.’ ” Prison Rehab. Indus. v. Betterson, 648 So. 2d 778, 779 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (quoting Dade Cnty. v. AT & T Info. Sys., 485 So. 2d 1302, 1304 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (first alteration in original)). We therefore hold that JTM is a “state agenc[y] or subdivision ]” under section 768.28(2) because it primar…
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Enock Plancher v. UCF Athletics Ass'n, Inc., 175 So. 3d 724 (Fla. 2015)…led to limited sovereign immunity. Id. In its analysis, the Fifth- District discussed Shands Teaching Hospital & Clinics, Inc. v. Lee, 478 So. 2d 77 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985), Prison Rehabilitative Industries & Diversified Enterprises, Inc. v. Betterson, 648 So. 2d 778 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994), and Pagan v. Sarasota County Public Hospital Board, 884 So. 2d 257 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004), and noted that “[t]he key factor in determining whether a private corporation is an instrumentality of the state for sovereign immunity purpo…1 / 2
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Pagan v. Sarasota Cnty. Pub. Hosp. Bd., 884 So. 2d 257 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)…ructural control of First Physicians Group and therefore First Physicians Group and its employees were “agencies” of the Hospital Board entitled to sovereign immunity. See, e.g., Prison Rehabilitative Indus. & Diversified Enters., Inc. v. Betterson, 648 So. 2d 778 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994); Shands Teaching Hosp. & Clinics, Inc. v. Lee, 478 So. 2d 77 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985). The Pagans similarly focused on the Hospital Board’s structural control of First Physicians Group as the decisive issue in determining whether Firs…1 / 3
Previewing 3 of 9 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited
- Helvering v. N.Y. Tr. Co., 292 U.S. 455 (U.S. 1934)
- State v. Dickinson, 286 So. 2d 529 (Fla. 1973)
- Austin v. Gaylord, 603 So. 2d 66 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992)
- Shands Teaching Hosp. & Clinics v. Norissa M. LEE, 478 So. 2d 77 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985)
- Ocala Breeder Sales Co., Inc. v. Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering, 464 So. 2d 1272 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985)
- Rod-Lyn Corp. v. Clyde M. Banks, 237 So. 2d 754 (Fla. 1970)
- Dade Cnty. v. AT & T Info. Sys., 485 So. 2d 1302 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986)
- Seaboard Coast Line R.R. Co. v. O'Connor, 229 So. 2d 663 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969)
- State v. Franklin, 237 So. 2d 754 (Fla. 1970)