JAY RUSSELL SINGER, APPELLANT,
v.
NOREEN SINGER, APPELLEE

Fla. 4th DCA | 1998-02-18
No. 96-2008
DELL and STEVENSON, JJ., concur.
706 So. 2d 914 Florida District Court of Appeal, Fourth District (1998) Positive Treatment
Cited by 7 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.

Synopsis

In this remanded alimony case, the appellate court vacates the successor judge's order dismissing the cohabitation clause as void and remands for the trial court to ascribe a meaning to the contractual cohabitation provision that may terminate non-modifiable alimony, applying objective contract interpretation principles.


Holding

The trial court must ascribe a meaning to the cohabitation clause as part of the final judgment using objective contract interpretation principles; the non-modifiable alimony provision does not automatically nullify the cohabitation clause, and dismissing it without interpretation violates the appellate court's prior mandate.


Headnotes

[1] A cohabitation clause in a post-nuptial agreement, even when alimony is otherwise non-modifiable, must be given a meaning consistent with the objective theory of contract…

[2] When interpreting contractual terms, no word or part of an agreement should be treated as redundant or surplusage if a reasonable and consistent meaning can be assigned t…

Previewing 2 of 5 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Key Quotes

“The making of a contract depends not on the agreement of two minds in one intention, but on the agreement of two sets of external signs-not on the parties having meant the same thing but on their having said the same thing.”

Establishes the objective theory of contract interpretation that applies to interpreting the post-nuptial agreement's cohabitation clause.

Previewing 1 of 3 key quotes on this case — the court’s exact language, pinpointed for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Facts & Procedural History

The parties had a post-nuptial agreement with a cohabitation clause that could terminate alimony, which was otherwise non-modifiable. The predecessor …

The full statement of facts, procedural history, and disposition for this case are member content.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

© FLexlaw, Inc. — AI-generated enrichments are proprietary. All rights reserved.


Opinion of the Court
MUIR, CELESTE HARDEE, Associate Judge.

MUIR, CELESTE HARDEE, Associate Judge.

In Singer v. Singer, 652 So. 2d 454 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), this court remanded for determination of the meaning of a clause in a post-nuptial agreement providing for termination of alimony upon cohabitation. The alimony is otherwise “non-modifiable.”

The basis of the instant appeal is an order of the trial judge who considered by review of transcripts another judge’s order pursuant to Florida Rule of Judicial Administration 2.160(h) after the disqualification of her predecessor upon the former husband’s motion.

After lengthy proceedings, the predecessor judge found that the cohabitation clause in this case was clearly tied to alimony. The predecessor judge defined cohabitation as living with someone without a marriage license, but consistent with case authority, he found that to terminate alimony, some financial support (given to or taken from the former wife) in addition to a sexual liaison was required. See Herrero v. Herrero, 528 So. 2d 1286 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988); Mulhern v. Mulhern, 446 So. 2d 1124 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984).

The predecessor judge also found that living together for more than a cumulative total of 90 days with financial support would terminate alimony if the alimony was not equitable distribution of the marital assets. See Stuart v. Stuart, 385 So. 2d 134 (Fla. 4th DCA 1980). Lastly, his order provided for hearings to determine whether the final judgment awarded the alimony as support or equitable distribution of the marital assets and, to the extent that the alimony was for support, whether the former wife had cohabi-tated within the meaning of the clause allowing alimony to terminate under certain conditions.

Prior to the evidentiary hearings required, the successor judge conducted hearings on review of the previous order pursuant to rule 2.160(h), Fla. R. Jud. Admin. She then dispensed with any further proceedings despite the former husband’s pending motion to terminate alimony, finding that the specific clause making alimony non-modifiable prevailed over the vague cohabitation clause. This she was not free to do.

The court’s prior opinion and mandate required the lower court, having incorporated the parties’ settlement agreement into the final judgment, to ascribe a meaning to the terms used in the cohabitation clause. Although the parties in this case had different understandings of the meaning and effect of the cohabitation clause, the “objective theory” of contractual intent applies, i.e.:

The making of a contract depends not on the agreement of two minds in one intention, but on the agreement of two sets of external signs-not on the parties having meant the same thing but on their having said the same thing....

(State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Deni Assocs. of Fla., Inc., 678 So. 2d 397, 400 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (citations omitted)), approved by, 23 Fla. L. Weekly S59, — So. 2d -, 1998 WL 29822 (Fla. Jan. 29, 1998).

As stated in Royal American Realty, Inc. v. Bank of Palm Beach and Trust Company, 215 So. 2d 336, 338 (Fla. 4th DCA 1968):

[Rjules of construction require that no word or part of an agreement is to be treated as a redundancy or surplusage if any meaning, reasonable and consistent with other parts, can be given to it....

Where ambiguity exists, the court should arrive at an interpretation “consistent with reason, probability, and the practical aspect of the transaction between the parties.” Biltmore Sys., Inc. v. Mai Kai, Inc., 413 So. 2d 458, 459 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), (quoting Blackshear Mfg. Co. v. Fralick, 88 Fla. 589, 102 So. 753, 754 (Fla.1925)). We cannot uphold the successor judge’s finding that rejected the construction of the clause at issue on the grounds that a specific provision providing for non-modifiable alimony prevails over a vague cohabitation clause.

Although we sympathize with the successor judge in the face of twenty-two volumes of record in this case, we cannot say that the order appealed properly complied with this court’s prior mandate. Accordingly, we vacate the order appealed and remand this cause so that the trial judge may ascribe a meaning to the cohabitation clause, now a part of the final judgment, as required by this court’s prior opinion.

DELL and STEVENSON, JJ., concur.


Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus


Citator

Cited By

  • Annmary K. Roberts v. Sarros, 920 So. 2d 193 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)
    …, was invalid. However, based on rules of contract construction, “ ‘no word or part of an agreement is to be treated as a redundancy or surplusage if any meaning, reasonable and consistent with other parts, can be given to it[.]’ ” Singer v. Singer, 706 So. 2d 914, 915 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (quoting Royal Am. Realty, Inc. v. Bank of Palm Beach & Trust Co., 215 So. 2d 336, 338 (Fla. 4th DCA 1968)); see also Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co. v. City of Miami, 76 Fla. 277, 79 So. 682, 683 (1918). If any meaning is to be give…
  • Jason v. Petra Jason, 763 So. 2d 499 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000)
    …PER CURIAM. Affirmed. See Singer v. Singer, 706 So. 2d 914 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998); Herrero v. Herrero, 528 So. 2d 1286 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988); Kenyon v. Kenyon, 496 So. 2d 839 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986).…
  • Singer v. Noreen Singer (Fla. 4th DCA 2019)
    …generated 25 proceedings in this court and six reported opinions. See Singer v. Singer, 219 So. 3d 944 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017); Singer v. Singer, 211 So. 3d 154 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017); Singer v. Singer, 38 So. 3d 889 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010); Singer v. Singer, 706 So. 2d 914 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998); Singer v. Cochran, 685 So. 2d 36 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996); Singer v. Singer, 652 So. 2d 454 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995). - 2 - The wife appealed the February 2015 judgment. We affirmed the judgment but ruled that the attorney’s fee issue…

Previewing 3 of 5 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Authorities Cited

Full citator, related cases, and AI research tools

Open in FLexlaw