RALPH GROSS, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 4th DCA | 2002-07-10
No. 4D01-2132
GUNTHER and STEVENSON, JJ., concur.
820 So. 2d 1043 Florida District Court of Appeal, Fourth District (2002) Caution
Cited by 11 cases

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Holding

A trial court has the discretion to apply sentencing guidelines in effect at the beginning of a continuing criminal enterprise, even if later guidelines exist, and such a sentence is not illegal.


Headnotes

[1] A trial court has discretion to apply sentencing guidelines in effect at the beginning of a continuing criminal enterprise, rather than those in effect at the end, when t…

[2] A sentence is not illegal under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.800(a) if it is possible under the sentencing statutes, given a specific set of facts, to impose that…

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Facts & Procedural History

The defendant was convicted of RICO violations and conspiracy. After his conviction was affirmed, he filed a motion to correct his sentence, arguing t…

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Opinion of the Court
MAY, J.

MAY, J.

The continuing nature of the defendant’s criminal enterprise, which spanned pre and post-1994 guidelines, provided the trial court with an interesting sentencing option. The trial court was given the choice of applying the sentencing guidelines in effect at the beginning of the enterprise or those in effect at the end of the enterprise. The trial court chose the earlier date, which resulted in a forty year prison sentence. From that sentence, the defendant appeals. We affirm.

On September 20, 1996, a jury convicted the defendant of multiple counts, including RICO violations and Conspiracy to Commit RICO. He appealed to this court, which affirmed his conviction. He subsequently filed a pro se motion to correct sentence, pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.800(a). He successfully argued that the trial court had used the wrong sentencing guidelines score-sheet to determine his sentence. He claimed that for those crimes that were part of a continuing criminal enterprise which spanned two periods encompassing both the pre-and post-1994 guidelines, the trial court was required to use both guidelines 'scoresheets. The State agreed and the offenses were rescored.

He also argued that for those crimes with a continuing date from 1993 through part of 1994, the guidelines in effect at the end of the enterprise applied. He was not successful in this argument. The trial court applied the guidelines in effect at the beginning of the criminal enterprise.

At issue is whether the trial court imposed an illegal sentence on the defendant when it applied the sentencing guidelines in effect at the beginning of the defendant’s criminal enterprise rather than those in effect at the end. We find that the sentence under, consideration was legal and did not violate the defendant’s constitutional rights. As such, the trial court properly denied the defendant’s 3.800(a) motion to correct the sentence in this regard.

Rule 3.800(a) provides that a “court may at any time correct an illegal sentence imposed by it.” Fla. R.Crim. P. 3.800(a). The Rule is “intended to balance the need for finality of conviction and sentences with the goal of ensuring that criminal defendants do not serve sentences imposed contrary to the requirements of the law.” Carter v. State, 786 So. 2d 1173, 1176 (Fla.2001).

To be illegal within the meaning of rule 3.800(a) the sentence must impose a kind of punishment that no judge under the entire body of sentencing statutes could possibly inflict under any set of factual circumstances. On the other hand, if it is possible under all the sentencing statutes — given a specific set of facts — to impose a particular sentence, then the, sentence will not be illegal within rule 3.800(a) even though the judge erred in imposing it.

Id. at 1178 (quoting Blakley v. State, 746 So. 2d 1182 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999)).

We must determine whether a sentence, which applied the guidelines in effect at the beginning of a criminal enterprise rather than those in effect at the end, is “a kind of punishment that no judge under the entire body of sentencing statutes could possibly inflict under any set of factual circumstances.” Id. The defendant argues that the existing case law required the application of the guidelines in existence at the end of the criminal enterprise. See Puffinberger v. State, 581 So. 2d 897 (Fla.1991); and Hankin v. State, 682 So. 2d 602 (Fla. 2d DCA 1996). We disagree.

The main issue in Puffinberger was whether a defendant’s nonscoreable juvenile record could be used as a reas'on to depart from sentencing guidelines. The Supreme Court of Florida held that the record could only be used if it was “significant” and the resulting departure was not greater than it would have been if the record could have been scored. The Court further found that the use of sentencing guidelines that applied to the end dates of a continuing crime did not violate the prohibition against ex post facto laws. In Hankin, the Second District Court of Appeal construed Puffinberger to mandate the use of the sentencing guidelines in effect at the end of the criminal enterprise. We disagree with that interpretation and conclude that Puffinberger did not dictate such a result. Thus, while the trial court should have followed Hankin as the law was then silent in the Fourth District, we now expressly declare that the trial court had the discretion to apply the guidelines in effect at-the beginning of the enterprise.

The defendant argues, however, that the trial court violated the prohibition against ex post facto laws by applying the 1995 version of section 921.001(4)(b)3, Florida Statutes (1995), to a criminal enterprise that ended in 1994. That statute now dictates the use of the guidelines in existence at the beginning of the continuing criminal enterprise. A thorough review of the sentencing, which took place in two separate hearings over a nine-day time period, fails to reveal that the trial court relied upon that statute in sentencing the defendant. The trial court simply stated: “I’ve thought about this sentence a lot before I even. sentenced Mr. Gross. I gave him originally 40 years. I thought it was fair then and I think it’s fair now. And I can’t find any reason to mitigate it.” Thus, the defendant’s argument fails in this regard.

Theré simply was no statute or supreme court decision dictating the use of the end dates at the time the trial court resen-tenced the defendant. Thus, we cannot say that the sentence imposed was “a kind of punishment that no judge under the entire body of sentencing statutes could possibly inflict under any set of factual circumstances.” Blakley, 746 So. 2d at 1186-87.

The defendant also argues that the rule of lenity dictates a reversal as it would require the application of guidelines resulting in the lowest sentence. We disagree. The rule of lenity, codified in section 775.021(1), Florida Statutes (2001), provides that “[t]he provisions of this code and offenses defined by other statutes shall be strictly construed; when the language is susceptible of differing constructions, it shall be construed most favorably to the accused.”

The rule of lenity, which by its own terms requires strict construction, should be construed strictly. What does it require? First, it requires courts to “strictly construe” provisions of the code and offenses defined by other statutes. Second, when statutory language “is susceptible of differing constructions”, courts are 'required to construe it “most favorably to the accused.” What the rule of lenity doesn’t address is what to do when the law is silent on an issue.

Sentencing guidelines are subject to the rule of lenity. See Williams v. State, 680 So. 2d 532 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996). However, no statute addressed the issue of which guidelines apply to a continuing criminal enterprise. Strict construction does not equate to court creation. When there is no statute or rule to. construe, the rule of lenity has no application. It cannot apply to that which does not exist.

As the sentence was legal, the trial court properly denied the 3.800(a) motion on this issue. The order and sentence are affirmed.

GUNTHER and STEVENSON, JJ., concur.


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Cited By

  • Glynn v. State, 868 So. 2d 1280 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004)
    …alleged in the information.” Id. at 314; see also State v. Griffith, 675 So. 2d 911 (Fla.1996); Maitre v. State, 770 So. 2d 309 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000); Gilbert v. State, 680 So. 2d 1132 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996). We distinguish this case from Gross v. State, 820 So. 2d 1043 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002), because that case involved a continuing criminal enterprise under the RICO statute. This case involves discrete acts, not a continuous or ongoing criminal offense. We therefore reverse this case for re-sentencing under the 1994…
  • Derrell J. Chamblee v. State, 93 So. 3d 1184 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012)
    …on the beginning date of his ongoing criminal enterprise, ie, in 2003. See Torres v. State, 42 So. 3d 914 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010); Williamson v. State, 852 So. 2d 880 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003); Cairl v. State, 833 So. 2d 312 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003); Gross v. State, 820 So. 2d 1043 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (affirming trial court’s decision, in ease involving ongoing criminal enterprise under RICO, to apply sentencing guidelines in effect at the beginning, rather than the end, of the continuing criminal activity). We agree with Appe…
  • Lenist KEY v. State, 296 So. 3d 469 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020)
    …ute, is ambiguous. Because the ambiguity cannot be resolved with other methods, we must resort to applying the rule. See id. The punitive nature of this sentencing statute renders it particularly amenable to the rule of lenity, see Gross v. State, 820 So. 2d 1043, 1045 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002), especially in light of the fact that no Florida appellate court has expressly ruled on the issue of whether section 921.0016(3)(r) allows for an additional offense to be used in considering an upward departure. Nonetheles…

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