STEVEN TODD HENDRICKSON, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 2d DCA | 2003-07-30
Nos. No, 2D02-1304
NORTHCUTT and CASANUEVA, JJ„ concur.
851 So. 2d 808 Florida District Court of Appeal, Second District (2003) Positive Treatment
Cited by 2 cases

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Holding

The trial court erred in granting the State's motion in limine, prohibiting defense counsel from arguing a reasonable inference that the drugs belonged to the confidential informant.


Headnotes

[1] A trial court abuses its discretion by prohibiting defense counsel from arguing a reasonable inference from the evidence during closing arguments.

[2] Defense counsel is permitted to argue reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence to create reasonable doubt, even if not directly supported by affirmative evidence.

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Facts & Procedural History

During an undercover drug buy, detectives observed Hendrickson with suspected narcotics. The defense theory was that a confidential informant framed H…

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Opinion of the Court
COVINGTON, Judge.

COVINGTON, Judge.

This appeal consolidates two cases. Steven Hendrickson appeals his convictions in case CF01-4604, for possession of methamphetamine with intent to deliver and driving while license suspended or revoked, and in case CF01-6838, for knowingly driving while license suspended or revoked and trafficking in amphetamine. We reverse in the first case and affirm in the second.

Hendrickson raises five issues in his appeal of case CF01-4604. We find merit in one.

On July 10, 2001, a confidential informant telephoned Hendrickson to set up a methamphetamine purchase as part of an undercover investigation. Two detectives hid in the bathroom at the informant’s house before Hendrickson arrived. They could not see the area in which the alleged transaction occurred. They waited in the bathroom for a short time after they heard Hendrickson’s knock on the door of the residence. Then, they walked through a hallway and into the dining room. From there they saw Hendrickson in the living room standing on the other side of a table from the informant.

Hendrickson was holding a clear plastic baggie containing suspected narcotics, and the detectives saw more baggies and suspected drug paraphernalia on the table. The officers searched Hendrickson and found no money. They took him into custody, and he was charged with trafficking in methamphetamines.

At trial, defense counsel’s theory of the case was that the confidential informant brought the drugs and set up Hendrick-son. Counsel intended to argue that the informant made it look like Hendrickson was trafficking because he wanted the police to resolve a pending charge against a friend of his in return for his help. One of the detectives testified Hendrickson told him he got the drugs from a woman who lived in another town. The other detective’s testimony conflicted, however. He testified that the first detective asked Hen-drickson whether he had gotten the drugs from the out-of-town woman but that Hen-drickson denied getting them from her. Both detectives testified they had conducted only a cursory search of the confidential informant’s residence, where the controlled buy was to take place. They did not search the confidential informant’s person. One of the detectives testified the informant’s motive for participating was his hope that his friend’s charges would be resolved in return.

After the defense rested, the trial court granted the State’s motion in limine prohibiting defense counsel from arguing in closing that the drugs Hendrickson was accused of selling belonged to the confidential informant. The court ruled the inference that the drugs belonged to the informant was not reasonable. The court concluded that inferences had to be based on evidence. While there was no evidence that the drugs came from the informant, there was some evidence that Hendrickson brought them. The court relied on the one detective’s testimony that Hendrickson told him the drugs in the bag came from a woman who lived in another town.

Hendrickson argues the trial court erred in granting the motion in limine prohibiting this argument. We agree. Defense counsel is not limited to arguing defenses for which there is direct evidence. As the Fifth District wrote in Rogers v. State, 844 So. 2d 728, 738 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003):

It [is] not Appellant’s burden to prove his innocence. A reasonable doubt might occur when evidence is lacking or when it is discredited. Therefore, a defense lawyer’s duty during closing is to challenge the sufficiency and credibility of the State’s proof. Counsel is free to argue these issues using all reasonable inferences that might be drawn from the evidence.

Here, defense counsel’s theory of the case was that there was a reasonable inference that could be drawn from the evidence. The detectives did not search the informant, despite the fact that it was standard procedure to do so. They did not witness the transaction, and their testimony conflicted as to whether Hendrickson admitted or denied having obtained the drugs he allegedly sold the informant from the out-of-town woman. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion in ruling that the inference was unreasonable and improper to argue. See Goodrich v. State, 28 Fla. L. Weekly D1368, D1368, — So. 2d —, —, 2003 WL 21340082 (Fla. 3d DCA June 11, 2003); cf. Teffeteller v. State, 439 So. 2d 840, 845 (Fla.1983) (holding trial court has discretion to control counsel’s comments at trial, including determining whether argument is permissible).

The trial court thus went beyond its scope of authority in prohibiting the defense from arguing this theory in closing. See Goodrich v. State, 28 Fla. L. Weekly D1368, — So. 2d —, 2003 WL 21340082 (Fla. 3d DCA June 11, 2003); Stockton v. State, 544 So. 2d 1006, 1009 (Fla.1989). By preventing Hendrickson’s counsel from arguing his theory, the trial court violated Hendrickson’s right to effective assistance of counsel and “certainly hindered the defense counsel’s ‘last clear chance’ to persuade the jury that there may be reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” See id. at D1368-69, — - —, 2003 WL 21340082 (citing United States v. Kellington, 217 F. 3d 1084, 1100 (9th Cir.2000)); cf. Herring v. N.Y., 422 U.S. 853, 865, 95 S.Ct. 2550, 45 L.Ed.2d 593 (1975). It was the jury’s province, and not that of the trial judge, to determine the strength or weakness of defense counsel’s theory of defense. See Munez v. State, 643 So. 2d 82, 83 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (citing Foster v. State, 464 So. 2d 1214 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984)).

Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial in case CF01-4604. We affirm the conviction in case CF01-6838 without discussion but note Hendrickson may have to be resentenced after retrial on case CF01-1604.

NORTHCUTT and CASANUEVA, JJ„ concur.


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  • Serge Jean v. State, 27 So. 3d 784 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010)
    …er, a trial court abuses its discretion when it fails to afford such latitude to defense counsel and, as a result, counsel is precluded from presenting his or her theory of the case to the jury. See Goodrich, 854 So. 2d at 665; Hendrickson v. State, 851 So. 2d 808 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003). The trial court’s limitation here amounted to just such an abuse of discretion. Of particular concern to this Court is the fact that the jury instruction for the escape charge is as follows: To prove the crime of escape, the St…

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