JOHN F. KRAMER, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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Kramer was convicted of tampering with physical evidence and resisting without violence after a deputy observed crack cocaine in his mouth during a traffic stop. The appellate court reversed his convictions, finding that the initial investigatory stop lacked reasonable suspicion and therefore violated the Fourth Amendment, making all evidence obtained from that illegal search inadmissible.
The court held that the initial contact was consensual, but when Deputy Lyons ordered Kramer to open his mouth, the encounter became an investigatory stop that lacked reasonable suspicion. The court reversed Kramer's convictions because the deputy's observations of the substance were obtained as a result of an unlawful investigatory stop, and the deputy was not engaged in a lawful duty when Kramer allegedly resisted.
[1] An investigatory stop is unlawful if the officer lacks reasonable suspicion that the individual has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime.
[2] A person's mere act of chewing while walking in a high-crime area does not, by itself, establish reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“To justify an investigatory stop of a citizen, the officer must have a reasonable suspicion that the individual has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime.”
Establishes the legal standard required for an investigatory stop
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceDeputy Lyons was patrolling a well-known drug area when he observed Kramer walking on the side of the road at night. After approaching Kramer and seei…
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Kramer appeals from his conviction for tampering with physical evidence,1 and resisting without violence.2 He contends that the State’s evidence failed to establish that he was aware that a law enforcement investigation was about to commence when he allegedly swallowed a piece of crack cocaine. We find it unnecessary to address this issue because the trial court should have granted Kramer’s motion for judgment of acquittal where the arresting officer’s testimony established: 1) that the State’s evidence was obtained as the result of an unlawful investigatory stop; and 2) that the officer was not engaged in a lawful duty at the time of Kramer’s alleged resistance.
The State’s only witness was Deputy Dan Lyons. Lyons testified that on the evening in question, he was on patrol in a “well-known and well-documented drug area” when he observed Kramer walking on the side of the road. Lyons told Kramer he wanted to talk to him. Kramer was “actively chewing, ..., like he was chewing gum or something to that effect.” Subsequently, Lyons asked Kramer if he could look in Kramer’s mouth to see what Kramer was chewing. According to Lyons, Kramer did not respond, but continued chewing. Deputy Lyons then instructed Kramer “just show me what you are chewing on.” Kramer partially opened his mouth and Lyons observed an “off-white, rock-like substance ... and then there’s like a white paste on his tongue.” Lyons believed the white substance was crack cocaine. He ordered Kramer to spit it out while trying unsuccessfully to prevent Kramer from swallowing the substance. Kramer was then arrested. Throughout the deputy’s testimony, defense counsel objected on the grounds that Lyon’s observations of the substance in Kramer’s mouth were the result of an illegal search and seizure. He again raised this issue in support of his motion for judgment of acquittal.
The initial contact between Lyons and Kramer constituted a consensual encounter. However, when Deputy Lyons ordered Kramer to open his mouth, the consensual encounter was transformed into an investigatory stop. See Popple v. State, 626 So.2d 185 (Fla.1993); Parsons v. State, 825 So.2d 406 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002). To justify an investigatory stop of a citi*792zen, the officer must have a reasonable suspicion that the individual has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Popple, 626 So.2d at 186. Kramer’s mere act of “actively chewing,” while walking late at night in a high-crime area, did not give Deputy Lyons a reasonable suspicion to believe that Kramer was engaged in criminal activity.
We acknowledge that this issue was not raised on appeal.3 However, ineffective assistance of appellate counsel may be considered during direct appellate proceedings where the ineffectiveness is apparent on the face of the record, and it would be a waste of judicial resources to require the trial court to address the issue. Sims v. State, 998 So.2d 494 (Fla.2008).
Defendant’s convictions are hereby REVERSED.
ORFINGER and COHEN JJ., concur.
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F.E.H., JR. v. State, 28 So. 3d 213 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010)…icative of a seizure. See Popple, 626 So. 2d at 188 (concluding that deputy’s “direction” for defendant to “exit his vehicle constituted a show of authority which restrained [defendant’s] freedom of movement” amounted to a seizure); Kramer v. State, 15 So. 3d 790, 791 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009) (ordering Kramer to open his mouth transformed consensual encounter into an investigatory stop); Johnson, 785 So. 2d at 1228 (explaining that “ ‘[orders or even requests to remove a hand from a pocket causes a consensual enc…
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Takerry Oneal Davis v. State, 67 So. 3d 1125 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011)…e patdown.” Accordingly, to justify this investigatory stop, the State was required to show that Officer McConnell had a reasonable suspicion that Davis had committed, was committing, or was about to commit a crime. Popple; see also Kramer v. State, 15 So. 3d 790 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009). The State contends that because McConnell had already found Davis to be in possession of one weapon, the pocketknife, it was reasonable for him to suspect [*1127] Davis might have additional weapons. We reject the State’s argum…
Authorities Cited
- Tedd J. Popple v. State, 626 So. 2d 185 (Fla. 1993)
- Helmich v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 136 So. 3d 763 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014)
- Burnice C. Baxley v. O'Neill, 825 So. 2d 406 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001)
- Sims v. State, 998 So. 2d 494 (Fla. 2008)