TYRONE JENKINS, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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Tyrone Jenkins appealed his convictions for cocaine possession with intent to sell, drug paraphernalia possession, counterfeit merchandise possession, and license tag alteration, along with probation revocation. The appellate court reversed his convictions for drug-related offenses because the arrests for license tag alteration were unlawful, as the misdemeanor was not committed in the presence of police officers, making all evidence seized incident to those arrests inadmissible.
The arrests were unlawful because Florida Statute § 901.15(1) requires that a misdemeanor be committed in the presence of a law enforcement officer for a warrantless arrest to be valid. Since Jenkins did not alter the license tag in the officers' presence, the arrests violated this requirement, and all evidence seized incident to those arrests must be suppressed.
[1] An arrest for a misdemeanor is unlawful if the offense was not committed in the presence of a law enforcement officer.
[2] Evidence seized incident to an unlawful arrest must be suppressed.
Previewing 2 of 6 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“A law enforcement officer may arrest a person without a warrant when: (1) The person has committed a felony or misdemeanor or violated a municipal or county ordinance in the presence of the officer.”
This statute establishes the requirement that a misdemeanor must be committed in the presence of an officer for a lawful warrantless arrest, which is the central legal principle governing the case.
Previewing 1 of 3 key quotes on this case — the court’s exact language, pinpointed for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceIn September 2009, police stopped Jenkins' car for loud music, a tinted plastic cover over the license tag, and a traffic violation. Officers arrested…
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In this consolidated appeal, Tyrone Jenkins challenges his convictions after a plea to cocaine possession with intent to sell, drug paraphernalia possession, and altering a license tag in trial case 09-CF-13383; his convictions after a plea to possession of counterfeit private labels and altering a license tag in trial case 09-CF-14318; and the revocation of his probation for cocaine possession and battery in trial case 08-CF-3171, based on the new law violations. The trial court sentenced Mr. Jenkins to thirty-six months in prison. Mr. Jenkins reserved the right to appeal the dispositive denials of his motions to suppress evidence and statements in cases 09-CF-13383 and 09-CF-14318. See Fla. R.App. P. 9.140(b)(2)(A)(i). We conclude that Mr. Jenkins’ arrests for altering a license tag were unlawful because he did not commit the offense in the presence of police officers. See § 901.15(f),1 Fla. Stat. (2009); Baymon v. State, 933 So.2d 1269, 1270 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006). Thus, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
In mid-September 2009, police officers stopped Mr. Jenkins’ car because he was playing loud music, had a tinted plastic cover over his license tag, and failed to make a complete stop at a red light. The officers arrested Mr. Jenkins for altering a license tag, a second-degree misdemeanor. See § 320.061, Fla. Stat. (2009). Incident to arrest, they searched him and the car. The officers found cocaine in Mr. Jenkins’ wallet and baggies with cocaine residue *740and a digital scale in the car trunk. Mr. Jenkins stated that he was selling drugs because he kept getting laid off and he was broke.
Less than a month later, police officers again spotted Mr. Jenkins’ car; it was still sporting the tinted plastic license tag cover. They conducted a traffic stop and arrested him again for obscuring a license tag. An inventory search of the car uncovered seven hundred counterfeit music and video CDs and DVDs. Mr. Jenkins admitted that he knew having the- counterfeit CDs and DVDs was wrong, but he was just trying to make ends meet.
The State filed an affidavit of violation of probation in case 08-CF-3171 based on the alleged new law violations in cases 09-CF-13383 and 09-CF-14318.
Mr. Jenkins filed motions to suppress in all three eases. He argued that his arrests were unlawful because altering a license tag was a misdemeanor that must be committed within the presence of a law enforcement officer for an arrest to be lawful. See § 901.15(1), Fla. Stat. (2009); Baymon, 933 So.2d at 1270 (holding officers cannot arrest for misdemeanor unless defendant commits it in their presence). It is undisputed that Mr. Jenkins did not alter the tag in the presence of the police officers. Unpersuaded, the trial court denied the motions “based on [its] review of the case law on obscured tag.” Mr. Jenkins then entered open no-contest pleas in cases 09-CF-13383 and 09-CF-14318, reserving his right to appeal the denial of the dispositive motions to suppress. The trial court convicted him on all charges in cases 09-CF-13383 and 09-CF-14318, revoked his probation in case 08-CF-3171, and sentenced him to thirty-six months in prison.
Mr. Jenkins argues that the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress because the searches were incident to his arrests, and the arrests were unlawful because the altering-a-license-plate violations were misdemeanors not committed in the presence of the police officers. See § 901.15(1); Baymon, 933 So.2d at 1270. We agree. In cases 09-CF-13383 and 09-CF-14318, the officers arrested Mr. Jenkins for violating section 320.061, which provides as follows:
No person shall alter the original appearance of any registration license plate, mobile home sticker, validation sticker, or vehicle registration certificate issued for and assigned to any motor vehicle or mobile home, whether by mutilation, alteration, defacement, or change of color or in any other manner. No person shall apply or attach any substance, reflective matter, illuminated device, spray, coating, covering, or other material onto or around any license plate that interferes with the legibility, angular visibility, or detectability of any feature or detail on the license plate or interferes with the ability to record any feature or detail on the license plate. Any person who violates this section commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
The officers were not present when the clear tinted plastic cover was placed over the license plate. We note that the officers could have instead charged Mr. Jenkins with violating section 316.605, Florida Statutes (2009), requiring display of license plates in a manner that
all letters, numerals, printing, writing, and other identification marks upon the plates regarding the word “Florida,” the registration decal, and the alphanumeric designation shall be clear and distinct and free from defacement, mutilation, grease, and other obscuring matter, so that they will be plainly visible and legible at all times 100 feet from the rear....
*741However, the arrest still would not have been lawful, even though Mr. Jenkins displayed the license plate — in the officers’ presence — in a manner that allegedly was not plainly visible and legible, because violating section 316.605 is not a misdemean- or or municipal or county ordinance, but a noncriminal traffic infraction. See § 316.605(1) (“A violation of this subsection is a noncriminal traffic infraction, punishable as a nonmoving violation as provided in chapter 318.”).
The proper procedure to handle the tag alteration charges was for the officers to issue a traffic citation containing a notice to appear, see § 316.650, Fla. Stat. (2009)2, which “invokes the subject matter jurisdiction of the court and commences prosecution of the criminal traffic case.” See Fla. R. Traffic Court 6.165.3,4
Because the arrests were unlawful, “the law mandated suppression of the evidence seized in any search performed incident to that arrest.” See Baymon, 933 So.2d at 1270 (citing Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963)). Accordingly, we reverse Mr. Jenkins’ convictions for possession of cocaine with intent to sell and possession of drug paraphernalia in case 2D10-5322 (case 09-CF-13383). We reverse his conviction for possession of counterfeit private labels in case 2D10-5364 (case 09-CF-14318). We remand those cases for resentencing on his convictions5 for altering a license tag. We reverse the revocation of probation in case 2D10-5365 (case 08-CF-3171) and remand for consideration of whether to revoke, modify, or continue probation based only on altering a license tag. See Paterson v. *742 State, 612 So.2d 692, 694 (Fla. 1st DCA 1993).
Based on our disposition of these cases, we need not address Mr. Jenkins’ other arguments on appeal.
Reversed and remanded.
NORTHCUTT and CRENSHAW, JJ., Concur.
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B.G. v. State, 213 So. 3d 1016 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017)…herefore, “[i]f an arrest is unlawful, then any search or seizure made incident thereto is invalid, and any evidence developed as a result thereof is inadmissible.” Johnson v. State, 395 So. 2d 594, 596 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981); see also Jenkins v. State, 102 So. 3d 739, 741 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (quoting Baymon v. State, 933 So. 2d 1269, 1270 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)); see generally Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 484, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963) (holding that evidence collected as the result of an illegal…
Authorities Cited
- Wong SUN v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (U.S. 1963)
- Ivory v. State, 588 So. 2d 1007 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991)
- Paterson v. State, 612 So. 2d 692 (Fla. 1st DCA 1993)
- Barnett v. State, 933 So. 2d 1269 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006)
- Baymon v. State, 933 So. 2d 1269 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)