BRIAN GONZALEZ, APPELLANT,
v.
ST. LUCIE COUNTY-FIRE DISTRICT/FLORIDA MUNICIPAL INSURANCE TRUST-FLORIDA LEAGUE OF CITIES, INC., APPELLEE
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A firefighter appeals the denial of his workers' compensation claim for heart disease (AVNRT) under Florida's occupational presumption statute. The court reverses because the judge of compensation claims failed to apply the correct legal analysis for rebutting the presumption, which requires addressing both the congenital abnormality and the triggering event of the tachycardia.
The court reversed and remanded because the judge of compensation claims failed to apply the correct analysis. Since AVNRT requires both a physiological abnormality and a triggering event, the employer must rebut the presumption by establishing that the trigger itself is non-occupational or that no occupational cause exists, not merely by identifying the congenital condition. The court remanded for reconsideration under the proper analytical framework.
[1] A statutory presumption of occupational causation for heart disease in firefighters can be rebutted by competent evidence showing a non-occupational cause.
[2] When a claimant presents credible evidence supporting the presumption of occupational causation, the employer/carrier must present clear and convincing evidence to rebut…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“Although the congenital nature of the physiological abnormality is sufficient to rebut the presumption, the cause of the trigger must also be determined.”
Establishes that rebutting the presumption requires addressing both the congenital condition and the triggering event, not merely identifying the congenital abnormality
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceOn September 4, 2013, firefighter Brian Gonzalez responded to a residential fire while wearing 60-70 pounds of equipment. While working, he experience…
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In this workers’ compensation case, Claimant, a safety officer with the fire department, appeals the denial of his claim for a determination of compensable heart disease under paragraph 112.18, Florida Statutes (2013).* In the final order denying the claim, the Judge' of Compensation Claims (JCC) found that the Employer/Carrier (E/C) successfully rebutted the presumption of occupational causation afforded Claimant under the statute. Because the JCG did not apply the correct analysis, we reverse and remand.
I
On September 4, 2013, Claimant was called to respond to a residential fire. While other firefighters fought the fire, Claimant performed his duties of walking around the premises looking for entrapping structures. He wore “full bunker gear,” including helmet, hood, mask, and oxygen tank, with a total weight of 60 to 70 pounds. When Claimant later entered the structure to determine what could be salvaged, he became very lightheaded and felt his heart race. Cardiac monitoring revealed that Claimant was experiencing superventricular tachycardia (a rapid heart rate). He was subsequently diagnosed with an abnormal heart rhythm known as arterioventricular node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) — the condition for which Claimant claims compensability. He eventually underwent ablation surgery and is now essentially cured.
The consensus medical opinion here establishes that AVNRT is heart disease involving a congenital. abnormality of the heart characterized by an extra electrical pathway (dual AV node physiology) which causes tachycardia when there is a triggering event. Because some people born with the abnormality never experience the tachycardia, the diagnosis of AVNRT requires both the congenital abnormality and the triggering event for the episode of tachycardia. Dr. Borzak, Claimant’s independent medical examiner (IME), opined that the triggering event for Claimant’s episode of tachycardia on September 4, 2013, was the adrenaline from the exertion he expended that day while working. Although Dr. Borzak conceded that Claimant’^ work activities were not at the highest level of exertion that day, he explained that there is no perfect correspondence between the level of exertion and the instance of tachycardia.' Somewhat counterintuitively, Dr. Borzak also testified that laboratory testing showed that Claimant’s tachycardia could only be induced and sustained with aggressive stimulation protocol: i.e., high adrenaline levels. ■
By contrast, Dr. Perloff opined that there was nothing about what Claimant did as a firefighter that could be identified *1108as the cause of the AVNRT. According to Dr. Perloff, as people age, they develop fibrous ingrowth into the AV node which may slow conduction velocity enough to support the abnormal heart rate so that AVNRT presents at different stages of life; the specific triggering event is often unknown. Dr. Perloff testified that there was no medical evidence that emotional stress could ever be a trigger, but nevertheless acknowledged that physical exertion could have triggered of Claimant’s tachycardia. Significantly, Dr. Perloff testified that that there is no medical literature linking AVNRT to occupation and no medical data to support a finding that Claimant’s job was the trigger of the abnormal rhythm.
II
Here, although the JCC afforded Claimant the statutory presumption of compens-ability of his heart disease,' he ultimately found that the E/C successfully rebutted the presumption. Our review of the JCC’s findings as to the rebuttal of the presumption under paragraph 112.18(1)(a) is to determine whether CSE supports whatever decision is reached by the JCC as the finder of fact. See Punsky v. Clay Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 18 So.3d 577, 584 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009).
In Punsky, this court held that the level of proof, necessary to rebut the presumption depends on the circumstances. Id. at 579. Where a claimant relies solely on the presumption to support the claim, the E/C can rebut the presumption with competent evidence; however, where “there is evidence supporting the presumption which is accepted as credible by the JCC [then] clear and convincing evidence would be required.... ” See Johns E. Co. v. Bellamy, 137 So.3d 1058, 1058-59 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (citing Punsky, 18 So.3d at 579, 584 (emphasis supplied))1. In this case, the JCC expressly found that the E/C successfully rebutted the presumption under either evidentiary standard: competent evidence or clear and convincing evidence.
In this case, Claimant did not rely solely on the presumption, but also presented Dr. Borzak’s testimony in support of an occupational cause; thus, the E/C had to establish that the cause of trigger was either non-occupational or that there was a specific non-occupational cause for it. In contrast to Dr. Perloff s testimony, Dr. Borzak identified the adrenaline associated with Claimant’s work activities on September 4, 2013, as the trigger for the episode of tachycardia that day. Ultimately, the JCC found that Dr. Borzak only presumed Claimant .had high adrenaline levels that day and “did not explain why claimant, who had been in the fire service for 13 years and also presumably had many occasions both on and off the job to experience events that raised his adrenaline level, prompted [sic] this particular episode of AVNRT.” In workers’ compensation law, “[i]t is well established that the [JCC] determines credibility, resolves conflicts in the evidence, and may accept the testimony of one physician over that of several others.” City of W. Palm Beach Fire Dep’t v. Norman, 711 So.2d 628, 629 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998).
Although the JCC here did not expressly accept-Dr. Perloff s opinion, he gave a reason why he rejected Dr. Bor-zak’s opinion; even when a doctor’s testimony is unrefuted, the JCC may reject the testimony as unreliable so long as the JCC gives a reason. See Vadala v. Polk Cty. Sch. Bd., 822 So.2d 582, 584 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002). Because the JCC here essentially rejected Dr. Borzak’s opinion — the only evidence of an occupational cause beyond that of the presumption — as not credible, the lesser standard of competent evidence *1109will apply here to rebut the presumption. See Punsky, 18 So.3d at 584 (“It is only when there is evidence supporting the presumption which is accepted as credible by the JCC that clear and convincing evidence would be required to be found by the JCC ... to rebut the statutory presumption.”).
III
Recently, in Mitchell v. Miami Dade County, Case No. 1D15-2153, 2016 WL 699148 (Fla. 1st DCA Feb. 23, 2016) (Mitchell II), this court addressed the statutory presumption in the context of a claim involving the same dual AV node physiology and with similar medical evidence regarding the need for both the congenital abnormality and a trigger to bring on the tachycardia, and set forth the proper analysis when the evidence includes a complicating factor of a trigger. As the Mitchell II court explained, medical evidence of the congenital condition is sufficient to rebut the presumption but, because the presumption does not disappear when the presumption is rebutted, the employer/carrier also bears the burden of overcoming the presumption by competent evidence that the trigger is also non-occupational. Id.
Here, as a part of his findings, the JCC concluded that Claimant’s congenital condition is the heart disease, which' is contrary to the medical evidence. Instead, the evidence establishes that the AVNRT is the heart disease. Thus, as in Mitchell II, both factors identified as necessary to produce the heart disease of AVNRT — the physiological abnormality and the trigger — must be addressed. In other words, although the congenital nature of the physiological abnormality is sufficient to rebut the presumption, the cause of the trigger must also be determined.
In the instant case, the medical opinions conflict concerning the cause of the trigger. Although the JCC clearly rejected Dr. Borzak’s opinion concerning a specific occupational cause of the trigger, he did not make a specific finding regarding whether the E/C overcame the presumption by establishing that there is one or more possible non-occupational causes for the trigger or that there are no occupational causes. The JCC, however, did not have the benefit .of the analysis articulated in Mitchell II.
We, therefore, REVERSE and REMAND for further consideration in accordance with the analysis set forth in Mitchell II and this opinion.
WOLF, WETHERELL, and RAY, JJ., concur.
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City OF Jacksonville/City of Jacksonville Risk Mgmt. v. Ratliff, 217 So. 3d 183 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017)…nized a congenital condition can be aggravated.” Id at 68 (citing City of Temple Terrace v. Bailey, 481 So. 2d 49 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986)); Walters v. State of Fl.-DOC, 100 So. 3d 1173 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012). In Gonzalez v. St. Lucie County-Fire District, 186 So. 3d 1106 (Fla 1st DCA 2016), the Claimant, a firefighter, responded to the scene of a fire. He walked the scene of the fire wearing heavy equipment weighing sixty to seventy pounds. At the scene, he became lightheaded and required immediate medical treatment…
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City of Jacksonville & City of Jacksonville v. O'Neal, 240 So. 3d 861 (Fla. 1st DCA 2018)
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City of Jacksonville & City of Jacksonville Risk Mgmt. v. O'Neal (Fla. 1st DCA 2020)…. Miami-Dade Cty. (Mitchell II), 186 So. 3d 65, 68 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016) (citing City of Temple Terrace v. Bailey, 481 So. 2d 49, 51 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985)); see also Gonzalez v. St. Lucie Cty.-Fire Dist./Fla. Mun. Ins. Trust-Fla. League of Cities, Inc., 186 So. 3d 1106, 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016) (reversing and remanding JCC’s denial of compensability for congenital tachycardia where the trigger-cause was unknown). The “trigger theory” of compensability requires three things: “an underlying condition, a so-called…
Previewing 3 of 4 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited
- Punsky v. Clay Cnty. Sheriff's Off. & Scibal Ins. Grp., 18 So. 3d 577 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009)
- Vadala v. Polk Cnty. Sch. Bd. & Integrated Administrators, 822 So. 2d 582 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002)
- Caracciolo v. State, 711 So. 2d 628 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998)
- City OF W. Palm Beach Fire Dept. & Johns E. v. Ernie Norman, 711 So. 2d 628 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998)
- Johns E. Co. & Indian River Cnty. BCC v. Bellamy, 137 So. 3d 1058 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014)