DEMETRIUS JEFFREY HOPKINS, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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Demetrius Hopkins was convicted of first-degree murder with a firearm but appeals arguing the trial court abused its discretion during jury selection by imposing an unreasonable three-hour time limit on voir dire and denying cause challenges for two jurors who expressed doubt about their ability to follow the law if the defendant did not testify. The appellate court affirms the denial of the continuance motion but reverses and remands for a new trial due to the jury selection errors.
The trial court abused its discretion in both respects. First, the three-hour time limit allowing only 3.6 minutes per juror on a first-degree murder charge was unreasonable and did not flex with the circumstances, particularly where defense counsel objected and requested additional time to reach seven unexamined jurors. Second, the trial court erred in denying cause challenges for Jurors Mr. C and Mr. P, whose responses raised reasonable doubt about their ability to render impartial verdicts, requiring reversal and a new trial.
[1] A trial court abuses its discretion by imposing a time limitation on voir dire that unreasonably curtails counsel's efforts to obtain a fair and impartial jury, especiall…
[2] A trial court abuses its discretion by refusing to grant a brief extension of time for voir dire when counsel has not had an opportunity to question all prospective juror…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“The purpose of voir dire is to obtain a 'fair and impartial jury to try the issues in the cause.'”
Establishes the fundamental purpose of voir dire examination that guides the court's analysis of time limitations and juror competency.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceHopkins was charged with and convicted by jury of first-degree murder with a firearm. During jury selection, the trial court imposed a three-hour time…
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Appellant, Demetrius Jeffrey Hopkins, was found guilty by a jury of first-degree murder with a firearm. On appeal, he argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for continuance, imposing an unreasonable time limitation on voir dire, and denying challenges for cause of two jurors who expressed doubts about their ability to follow the law if appellant 'did not testify. We affirm the trial court’s ruling on the motion for continuance but reverse for a new trial because of the trial court’s errors during jury selection.
At the beginning of trial, the trial court advised counsel that each side would be limited to three hours for voir dire. Defense counsel objected to this time limit, and when the clerk later announced the end of the three hours, he renewed his objection and requested twenty additional minutes to question seven remaining jurors whom he had not been able to question individually. Defense counsel proffered to the court the areas of inquiry he wanted to cover, including firearms and misidentification. The trial court denied the request.
We review a trial court’s imposition of time limits on voir dire for an abuse of discretion. O’Hara v. State, 642 So.2d 592, 593-94 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994).
Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.300(b) affords the parties a reasonable voir dire examination of prospective jurors. The rule preserves the “right of the parties to conduct an examination of each juror orally.” Id. “The purpose of voir dire is to obtain a ‘fair and impartial jury to try the issues in the cause.’” Williams v. State, 424 So.2d 148, 149 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982) (quoting King v. State, 390 So.2d 315, 319 (Fla. 1980), receded from on other grounds by Strickland v. State, 437 So.2d 150 (Fla. 1983)).
Trial courts have considerable discretion in determining the extent of counsel’s examination of prospective jurors. This includes setting time limitations on voir dire. Perry v. State, 675 So.2d 976, 979 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996). However, limits that do not “flex with the circumstances” can result in unreasonable curtailment of counsel’s efforts to obtain a “fair and impartial jury to try the issues in the cause.” Williams, 424 So.2d at 149.
According to appellant, the trial court’s pre-established time limit on voir dire allowed counsel only 3.6 minutes per juror and prevented counsel from pux-suing a reasonable voir dire examination.1 See Gosha v. State, 534 So.2d 912, 912 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) (holding that, as a matter of law, a one-to-three minute limit for voir dire examination of each potential juror is unreasonable and an abuse of discretion).
*287The state, relying on Anderson v. State, 739 So.2d 642 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999), responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting voir dire in this case. In Anderson, we affirmed the trial judge’s 30-minute limitation on voir dire for each party. We stated that “[i]n reviewing a trial court’s discretionary decision to limit the amount of time allotted for voir dire, we consider ‘the nature of the case and the reasonableness of the use, by the attorneys, of the time allotted.’ ” Id. at 644 (quoting Rodriguez v. State, 676 So.2d 189, 191 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996)).
We find Anderson distinguishable. Unlike the less severe grand theft charge in Anderson, the charged offense in this case was first-degree murder with a firearm. Moreover, as we pointed out in Anderson, defense counsel in that case did not object when the trial court informed counsel of the 30-minute limitation at the beginning of voir dire. Here, in contrast, defense counsel objected to the initial imposition of the 180-minute time limit, as well as to the trial court’s later refusal to extend the time for examination. Given the large jury pool and the very few minutes the 3-hour time permitted counsel with each juror, the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to grant a few additional minutes, where there were jurors whom defense counsel could not reach within the allotted time for voir dire. See Perry, 676 So.2d at 979 (holding that the trial court abused its discretion when it terminated voir dire before defense counsel had an opportunity to question all jurors individually).
Appellant next argues that the trial court committed reversible error in denying his cause challenges of two jurors who expressed ambivalence about their ability to follow the law if the defendant chose not to testify.
During jury selection, when defense counsel asked whether the jurors would be influenced by an accused’s decision not to testify, the following exchange occurred:
Juror Mr. C: You know, I’m constitu-tionalist. I fully understand why the 5th is the 6th but, it’s—you know, there are two sides to every story, and both sides are going to get the—a lot of the details wrong but, unless you hear both sides, you can’t—I don’t think you could actually—yeah, that’s tough for me.
Defense Counsel: I hear what you’re saying, you’re saying, it’s tough. And I think most people and—was it Ms. C with the seven children. You mentioned how in deciding what you would do in terms with your children, you would hear both sides, you know, and talk to your kids, and so this kind of applies with us too. You might have that kind of, like, it’s the normal reaction, yeah, I want to hear both of sides, but you might not. And the. question really is— it’s not, do you want to hear both sides.
Juror Mr. C: I know the question you’re asking, it’s going to a negative—it may not be enough to influence me or to change my mind one way or another, but it’s going to negatively influence the way I’m thinking about what’s going on.
Defense Counsel: Okay. And could it negatively influence the way you are thinking in a way that would be adverse to the accused?
Juror Mr. C: That possibility exists.
Another prospective juror, Juror Mr. P, stated that he had similar concerns about a defendant not testifying. He noted that politicians are notorious for taking “The Fifth” on issues they do not want to address for fear of being incriminated. The trial judge pointedly asked Juror Mr. P if he could simply follow the law. Juror Mr. P initially replied, “I believe I can, yes,” but then he added, “I’m not certain that I can.”
*288Defense counsel moved to strike Jurors Mr. C and Mr. P for cause. After the trial court denied the motions, defense counsel used peremptory strikes on these jurors and requested two additional peremptory challenges to strike other objectionable venirepersons. When the trial court denied the request, defense counsel noted for the record that his acceptance of the jury was subject to the qualification that he would have used a peremptory challenge on Juror Ms. C, a bartender like the critical trial witness against appellant. Juror Ms. C actually sat on the jury.
The standard of review of a trial court’s ruling on a cause challenge is abuse of discretion. Ranglin v. State, 55 So.3d 744, 746 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011). “The test for determining juror competency is whether a prospective juror can lay aside any prejudice or bias and decide the case based solely on the evidence and the court’s instructions.” Chapman v. State, 593 So.2d 605, 606 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992). When there is a reasonable doubt about the ability of a juror to decide the case fairly and impartially, the juror should be excused for cause. Id. “[A]mbiguities or uncertainties about a juror’s impartiality should be resolved in favor of excusing the juror.” Carratelli v. State, 961 So.2d 312, 318 (Fla. 2007).
In this case, the responses of Jurors Mr. C and Mr. P. during voir dire examination raised reasonable doubt as to their ability to render an impartial decision. Mr. C admitted that not hearing the defendant’s side of the story might negatively influence his view of the defense. Mr. P likewise was not certain he could follow the law if the defendant exercised his right not to testify. Thus, these jurors should have been excused for cause and appellant should not have been required to use his peremptory challenges to excuse them. Each of the trial court’s errors during jury selection provides an independent ground for reversal. Accordingly, we reverse appellant’s conviction and sentence and remand for a new trial.
Reversed and Remanded for a new trial.
Warner and Levine, JJ., concur.
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Hermane Thomany v. State, 252 So. 3d 256 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018)…fendant’s sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in limiting the amount of time given to his trial counsel for voir dire.1 We review a trial court’s imposition of time limits on voir dire for an abuse of discretion. Hopkins v. State, 223 So. 3d 285, 286 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). Applying that standard of review, we conclude that although the trial court limited the amount of time given to both sides for voir dire, the amount of time was sufficient to have allowed the defendant’s trial counsel to h…
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Strachan v. State, 279 So. 3d 1231 (Fla. 4th DCA 2019)…time expired. Instead, defense counsel had to ask for more time, which the trial court quickly denied. The trial court gave no consideration to the fact that the defendant may have justly needed more time than the state. See Hopkins v. State, 223 So. 3d 285, 286 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) (“[L]imits that do not flex with the circumstances can result in unreasonable curtailment of counsel’s efforts to obtain a fair and impartial jury to try the issues in the cause.”) (citation and internal quotation marks…
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Cassaday v. State, 289 So. 3d 915 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020)…The jury found appellant guilty as charged for sexual battery on a helpless person. Appellant appeals this conviction. We review the trial court’s imposition of a time limit on voir dire under the abuse of discretion standard. Hopkins v. State, 223 So. 3d 285, 286 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). Appellant argues that the trial court’s time limit on voir dire was error because defense counsel had remaining issues to discuss with the prospective jurors. The state argues that appellant did not preserve his objection…
Previewing 3 of 4 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited
- Carratelli v. State, 961 So. 2d 312 (Fla. 2007)
- Amos Lee King v. State, 390 So. 2d 315 (Fla. 1980)
- Strickland v. State, 437 So. 2d 150 (Fla. 1983)
- Williams v. State, 424 So. 2d 148 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982)
- Chapman v. State, 593 So. 2d 605 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992)
- Willona Perry v. State, 675 So. 2d 976 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)
- O'Hara v. State, 642 So. 2d 592 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994)
- Gosha v. State, 534 So. 2d 912 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988)
- Ranglin v. State, 55 So. 3d 744 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011)
- Hayward Anderson v. State, 739 So. 2d 642 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999)