TERRANCE J. PICKETT, APPELLANT,

v.

HOLLY C. COPELAND, APPELLEE.

Jay, J.

Terrance J. Pickett appeals the trial court's Final Judgment of Injunction for Protection Against Stalking. Although we disagree that Mr. Pickett was deprived of due process during the hearing, we agree with Mr. Pickett that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the issuance of the injunction against him. Consequently, we reverse.

Mr. Pickett claims that competent, substantial evidence did not support the trial court's imposition of the permanent injunction against stalking. A trial *1144court has broad discretion to grant an injunction, and we review an order imposing a permanent injunction for a clear abuse of that discretion. Noe v. Noe , 217 So.3d 196, 199 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017) ; Weisberg v. Albert , 123 So.3d 663, 664 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013). But the question of whether the evidence is legally sufficient to justify imposing an injunction is a question of law that we review de novo. Wills v. Jones , 213 So.3d 982, 984 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016).

Section 784.0485(1), Florida Statutes (2016), "create[s] a cause of action for an injunction for protection against stalking." The "petition for an injunction for protection against stalking may be filed in the circuit where the petitioner currently or temporarily resides, where the respondent resides, or where the stalking occurred." § 784.0485(1)(f), Fla. Stat. As defined in section 784.048(2), Florida Statutes (2016), stalking occurs when a person "willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follows, harasses, or cyberstalks another person[.]" (Emphasis added.) "Harass" is defined in section 784.048(1)(a) to mean "engag[ing] in a course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes substantial emotional distress to that person and serves no legitimate purpose." (Emphasis added.) In its turn, "course of conduct" is defined as "a pattern of conduct composed of a series of acts over a period of time, however short, which evidences a continuity of purpose." § 784.048(1)(b), Fla. Stat. (emphasis added).

"Thus, by its statutory definition, stalking requires proof of repeated acts." Lukacs v. Luton , 982 So.2d 1217, 1219 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008) ; see also Power v. Boyle , 60 So.3d 496, 498 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011) ("Stalking has been interpreted to mean 'repeated acts of following or harassment.' ") (quoting Lukacs , 982 So.2d at 1219 )). Stated differently, repeated acts are required for "one act of stalking. " Lukacs , 982 So.2d at 1219 (emphasis in the original); see also Packal v. Johnson , 226 So.3d 337 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017) (reversing permanent injunction for protection against stalking violence because the evidence did not support a finding of repeat harassment); Carter v. Malken , 207 So.3d 891, 894 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) ("A minimum of two incidents of harassment are required to establish stalking.").

In contrast, several courts have held that a stalking injunction requires proof of two or more separate incidences of "stalking." See, e.g. , Burns v. Bockorick , 220 So.3d 438, 440 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) (" 'In order to be entitled to an injunction for stalking, the petitioner must allege and prove two separate instances of stalking.' ") (quoting David v. Schack , 192 So.3d 625, 627-28 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) ); Klemple v. Gagliano , 197 So.3d 1283, 1285 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (same); Richards v. Gonzalez , 178 So.3d 451, 453 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (referring to "[e]ach incident of stalking") (emphasis in original); Touhey v. Seda , 133 So.3d 1203, 1204 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (requiring "each incident of stalking" to be proved). Apparently, this two-incident requirement was adopted based upon "guidance" from the repeat violence statute-section 784.046, Florida Statutes -"which defines repeat violence as 'two incidents of violence or stalking committed by the respondent, one of which must have been within 6 months of the filing of the petition, which are directed against the petitioner or the petitioner's immediate family member.' " Wyandt v. Voccio , 148 So.3d 543, 544 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (emphasis added); see also David v. Textor , 189 So.3d 871, 874-75 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (" Section 784.0485, Florida Statutes (2014), allows an injunction against stalking, including cyberstalking. The statute must be read in conjunction with section 784.046(1)(b), Florida Statutes (2014), which requires at least two incidences of stalking to obtain an injunction.");

*1145Leach v. Kersey , 162 So.3d 1104, 1106 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (holding that the stalking "statute is analyzed with guidance from the statute governing injunctions against repeat violence, section 784.046"); Touhey , 133 So.3d at 1203 ("Given the [stalking] statute's recent enaction, support for our holding comes from cases analyzing allegations of stalking in the context of section 784.046, which applies to injunctions for protection against repeat violence, sexual violence, and dating violence.") (footnote omitted).

However, nowhere in the definitions of section 784.048 is stalking defined as a multiple of itself. Stalking is defined simply as "willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly" following, harassing, or cyberstalking another person-not repeatedly stalking another person. § 784.048(2), Fla. Stat. Equally important, section 784.0485 makes no reference to the provisions of the repeat violence statute; does not mandate "guidance" from the repeat violence provisions; and, independent of the requirements of section 784.046, creates a "cause of action for an injunction for protection against stalking." § 784.0485(1), Fla. Stat.; see M. Kimberly Martyn, Representing Battered Spouses, Florida Dissolution of Marriage , § 21.78 (Fla. Bar CLE 12th ed. 2015) ("Effective October 1, 2012, a fifth type of protective injunction exists for protection against stalking. F.S. § 784.0485(1). The availability of this injunction enables victims of stalking, including cyberstalking, who do not qualify for domestic violence injunctions, to seek relief without the necessity of proving the two separate stalking offenses that are required in repeat violence injunction proceedings. ") (emphasis added).1 Moreover, if a stalking injunction requires two instances of "stalking," then at least four prohibited events must be proved by the person seeking the injunction-because a single "stalking" offense requires repeated acts of malicious following, and/or harassment, and/or cyberstalking.

*1146See Lukacs , 982 So.2d at 1220 ("To adopt the view of Appellant would lead to the absurd result of requiring stalking victims to show that they twice suffered from repeated harassment or following before obtaining a protective injunction. Were we to adopt such an interpretation, Appellant could have threatened or followed Appellee four times before the circuit court could issue a protective injunction.") (emphasis in the original). Therefore, based on the statutory language of section 784.0485, and the definitions set forth in section 784.048, we hold that the injunction provisions of section 784.0485 only require the petitioner to prove a single incident of stalking.

Turning to the facts of this case, it was incumbent on Ms. Copeland to prove stalking by competent, substantial evidence. Thoma v. O'Neal , 180 So.3d 1157, 1159 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (citing McMath v. Biernacki , 776 So.2d 1039, 1041 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001) ). As is so often true in injunction cases, the parties appeared below without counsel. The trial court conscientiously questioned each of the parties, in turn. There was scant relevant evidence presented, and the parties' testimony, at best, was confusing and convoluted. We are sensitive to the difficulties faced by the trial court in teasing out a thread of truth from a jumbled patchwork of conflicting narrative. But, after having carefully reviewed the record ourselves-mindful that we are not the factfinder-we are compelled to conclude that the evidence was neither competent nor substantial to carry Ms. Copeland's burden.

While there was evidence that Mr. Pickett followed Ms. Copeland from the Murphy gas station on Thanksgiving Day in 2016, he did so because there was an outstanding warrant for Ms. Copeland's arrest for violating the injunction he had obtained against her, and while he was following her, it is undisputed that he was talking to the police. That was, at most, a single act of following.2 Furthermore, though Ms. Copeland accused Mr. Pickett of driving past her house on multiple occasions-presumably to prove harassment-the evidence only suggested a single incident of his passing by, which falls short of a malicious "course of conduct" serving "no legitimate purpose." § 784.048(1)(a), (b) & (2), Fla. Stat.; see Leach , 162 So.3d at 1106 (reversing injunction and holding Leach's several messages to Kersey by phone, through friends, and on social media, after she learned of an eighteen-month *1147affair between Kersey and Leach's husband, could not be found to serve " 'no legitimate purpose' "); Touhey , 133 So.3d at 1204 (holding record lacked a sufficient basis for the circuit court's finding that Seda proved "inappropriate contact" constituting stalking, where the testimony did not establish maliciousness or that a reasonable person would have suffered "substantial emotional distress" as a result of Touhey's behavior).

As a result, we hold there was no competent, substantial evidence to support the imposition of an injunction for protection against stalking. Consequently, the final judgment is reversed.

REVERSED .

Lewis and Ray, JJ., concur.