JONATHAN MICHAEL SCHULER

v.

SANDY T. FOX, P.A.

LINDSEY, J.

Appellant Jonathan Schuler (Defendant below) appeals from two non-

final orders that partially grant and partially deny his motion to quash service

of process and vacate a default final judgment.¹ Schuler argues the trial

court erred in denying his motion to vacate because the default judgment

improperly awarded unliquidated damages. Schuler also argues the trial

court erred in denying his motion to quash because the Return of Service

was facially invalid. We affirm because the contract damages are liquidated

since the exact amount can be determined from the pleadings. We also

conclude that Schuler failed to meet his burden to challenge service of

process.

I. BACKGROUND

In November 2015, Appellee Sandy T. Fox, P.A. (the “Law Firm”) filed

a Complaint against Schuler, its former client, to recover unpaid attorney’s

fees for legal services rendered in a paternity action. A clerk’s default was

entered against Schuler in January 2016, and a final judgment was entered

against Schuler in February 2016 in the amount of $59,494.73. This amount

included $39,286.36 stemming from a written contract for legal services and

paternity action.

In September 2020, the Law Firm, through counsel, filed two motions

for writs of garnishment directed at two of Schuler’s bank accounts. In

November 2020, Schuler filed a motion to quash service of process and to

vacate the 2016 final judgment. Schuler argued the default was improperly

entered because he was never served. More specifically, Schuler argued as

follows:

7. In the return, the process server incorrectly

claimed that an actual service of process was effected on the Defendant with description of “Age: 44, Sex: M, Race/Skin Color: White, Height:⁶’1, Weight: 220, Hair: Balding, Glasses: N.”

8. However, Jonathan Schuler was living in Illinois.

On November 17, 2015, he was 32 years old,⁶ feet² inches tall and weighed 178 pounds. The individual Summons was not personally served upon Jonathan Schuler. Apparently, the Summons and Complaint were delivered to some other person who was not authorized to accept service of process on behalf of Jonathan Schuler.

(Emphasis in original).

Schuler also argued the lower court improperly entered a final

judgment without a trial and without 30 days’ notice on the Law Firm’s claim

1.440(c).²

The trial court conducted two separate hearings on Schuler’s motion.

First, on December 14, 2020, the court held a non-evidentiary hearing on the

damages issue. Following the hearing, and a little over a week later, the

court entered an order finding that the $39,286.36 in damages for breach of

contract (Count I) were liquidated, and therefore, the judgment was valid and

enforceable as to those damages. However, the court also found that the

$18,488.02 in damages for unjust enrichment (Count VI) and quantum meruit

(Count VII) were unliquidated, and the judgment was vacated as to those

damages.³

2 Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.440(c), provides as follows:

Setting for Trial. If the court finds the action ready to be set for trial, it shall enter an order fixing a date for trial. Trial shall be set not less than 30 days from the service of the notice for trial. By giving the same notice the court may set an action for trial. In actions in which the damages are not liquidated, the order setting an action for trial shall be served on parties who are in default in accordance with Florida Rule of General Practice and Judicial Administration 2.516. 3 Following the trial court’s determination that some of the damages were unliquidated, the Law Firm elected to keep the breach of contract (Count I) judgment in place and waive the equitable relief in Counts VI and VII. As an additional measure, the Law Firm filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal of all counts except Count I.

evidentiary hearing on the remaining issue in Schuler’s Motion—whether he

was personally served with the Complaint and Summons. At the hearing,

Schuler and Kathy Shapck, Schuler’s girlfriend at the time of service, testified

that he was living in Chicago on November 17, 2015, the date of service. In

support, Schuler produced Florida Power and Light records showing the

electricity had been turned off at his Hollywood, Florida address by

November 15.

The court also heard testimony from the process server, who testified

that his affidavit of service affirmed that he served Schuler because someone

at the Hollywood, Florida address identified himself as Schuler. Photos

taken by the process server were also admitted into evidence. The photos

showed a black SUV resembling Schuler’s black Porsche Cayenne and a

moving trailer. Schuler testified that his friend Brian packed the moving

trailer and that Brian transported Schuler’s Cayenne to Illinois. Finally,

Schuler’s checking account statements were admitted into evidence,

showing debit card charges in Florida between November¹² and November

17, including a November 17 charge in Hollywood, Florida at Panera.

Schuler testified that he had given his debit card to Brian. Nobody named

Brian testified at the hearing.

observations:

THE COURT: I will say this at this point: I accept the evidence that Mr. Schuler was in the process of moving during November, that the container that was in the driveway was the container that either already contained or was about to contain, during the course of that day, the contents that were in the house that he wanted moved to Chicago.

The black SUV may or may not have been Mr. Schuler’s. It sure does look a lot like a Porsche Cayenne, but I’m not an expert. And if it was, that’s not definitive, because Mr. Schuler did testify that he’s not the person that drove it to Chicago, that it was either, I think he said his sister or Brian.

The problem here is that the -- all those credit card receipts, excuse me, debit card charges long after Mr. Schuler left. And his testimony that he gave the debit card to Brian without more and without any other explanation and without showing any debit or credit card charges made in Chicago or somewhere else is a tough hurdle when you have the burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that the service was not made.

On July 14, 2021, the court entered a detailed order finding that the

process server’s Return of Service was regular on its face and that Schuler

failed to present clear and convincing evidence that he was not served.

Based on the evidence and testimony, the court did not find Schuler’s or

Shapck’s testimony credible. Accordingly, the court denied Schuler’s motion

to quash service of process and to vacate the entire default final judgment.

II. ANALYSIS

Schuler raises two primary arguments on appeal. First, Schuler argues

that all claims for attorney’s fees are unliquidated damages claims. Second,

Schuler argues that the return of service was irregular on its face because

the description did not match his description, and moreover, that the

evidence reflected Schuler was not served.

1. Liquidated and Unliquidated Damages

Whether damages are liquidated or unliquidated is a legal issue

subject to de novo review. Law Offices of Granoff & Kessler, P.A. v. Glass,

305 So. 3d 345, 347 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020), reh’g denied (May 18, 2020),

review denied, SC20-734, 2021 WL 1157836 (Fla. Mar. 26, 2021) (citing

Musi v. Credo, LLC, 273 So. 3d 93, 95-96 (Fla. 3d DCA 2019)).

There is no dispute a default final judgment is void if it awards

unliquidated damages in violation of the notice and trial requirements in

Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.440(c). See, e.g., Rodriguez-Faro v. M.

Escarda Contractor, Inc., 69 So. 3d 1097, 1098 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011) (“In

Florida, it is well settled that a defaulting party is entitled to notice and an

opportunity to be heard when the amount of damages is unliquidated.”).

2008), this Court explained that the difference between liquidated and

unliquidated damages depends on whether the exact amount can be

determined from the pleadings:

Damages are liquidated when the amount to be awarded can be determined with exactness from a pleaded agreement between the parties, by an arithmetical calculation, or by application of definite rules of law. See Bowman v. Kingsland Dev., Inc., 432 So. 2d 660, 662 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983). Damages are unliquidated “if the ascertainment of their exact sum requires the taking of testimony to ascertain facts upon which to base a value judgment.” Id. at 663. When unliquidated damages must be determined as a result of a default, the defaulting party “is entitled to notice of an order setting the matter for trial, and must be afforded an opportunity to defend.” Viets v. Am. Recruiters Enters., Inc., 922 So. 2d 1090, 1095 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006); see also Bowman, 432 So. 2d at 663 (“A defaulting party has a due process entitlement to notice and opportunity to be heard as to the presentation and evaluation of evidence necessary to a judicial determination of the amount of unliquidated damages.”).

Here, the exact amount of the attorney’s fees can be determined from

the Complaint and its attachments, which include the parties’ Fee Agreement

and invoices. See Cellular Warehouse, Inc. v. GH Cellular, LLC, 957 So. 2d

662 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) (finding that a damages claim for failure to make

payments under the terms of a contract was liquidated whereas damages for

lost business profits, stolen assets, and operating expenses were

instead required testimony to ascertain the amount).

According to the Complaint, Schuler breached the attorney-client Fee

Agreement by failing to pay $36,631.15.4 The Fee Agreement, which is

attached to the Complaint, sets forth the agreed hourly rate for the attorneys

at the Law Firm. Moreover, over 100 pages of detailed invoices, which are

also attached to the Complaint, list the amounts charged over the course of

litigation for the various services at the applicable hourly rate. The invoices

also show that Schuler made several payments.⁵ Consistent with the

allegations in the Complaint, the invoices show that the final total balance

due is $36,631.15.

Even though the exact amount of damages can be determined from

the pleadings, Schuler argues that all attorney’s fees are unliquidated. We

disagree. Although “every claim of damages for the reasonable value of

services is a claim for unliquidated damages[,]” Bowman, 432 So. 2d at 663

4 Default judgment was entered in the amount of $39,286.36, which includes the principal amount of $36,631.15 plus contractual interest and costs.⁵ The Fee Agreement and invoices state that the client has ten days to notify the Law Firm in writing of any errors or discrepancies in billing. Schuler does not claim he disputed the billing.

reasonableness determination.

In Glass, this Court explained the difference between an action against

a former client for attorney’s fees based on agreed hourly amounts and

reasonable attorney’s fees sought by a prevailing party against an opposing

party. 305 So. 3d at 347-50. This Court held that when fees are sought as

compensatory damages against a client for breach of an hourly rate contract,

as opposed to reasonable fees (e.g., prevailing party fees), no independent

expert testimony regarding reasonableness is necessary. Id. at 350.

Here, the Law Firm is not seeking reasonable fees, but fees from a

former client based on contractual hourly amounts and regular invoices for

time expended. The amount is not conjectural or uncertain until a fact finder

makes a value judgment. See Roggemann v. Boston Safe Deposit & Tr.

Co., 670 So. 2d 1073, 1075 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (“A ‘reasonable attorney’s

fee’ is an unliquidated item of damages because testimony must be taken to

ascertain facts upon which a judge or jury can base a value judgment.”);

Papadakos v. Spooner, 186 So. 2d 786, 789 (Fla. 3d DCA 1966) (“However,

the amount of a reasonable attorney’s fee is entirely conjectural and is clearly

uncertain until either a judge or jury by an exercise of judgment makes a

determination.”).

Complaint and the attached Fee Agreement and invoices.⁶ Since Schuler’s

default admits the allegations in the Complaint, and the fees require no

reasonableness determination, no evidentiary findings or testimony was

necessary to fix the amount. See Bowman, 432 So. 2d at 662 (“A default

admits every cause of action that is sufficiently well-pled to properly invoke

the jurisdiction of the court and to give due process notice to the party against

whom relief is sought. A default also admits the plaintiff’s entitlement to

liquidated damages due under the pleaded cause of action, but not

unliquidated damages.”). We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of

Schuler’s motion to vacate the default judgment as to breach of contract

because the contractual attorney’s fees are liquidated damages.

2. Service of Process

6 Though Schuler has cited some authority for the proposition that attorney’s fees sought against a former client are unliquidated, the fee agreements in those cases did not involve an agreed hourly rate, as here, but instead necessarily required a reasonableness determination to ascertain the exact amount. See Ake v. Chancey,¹³ So. 2d 6, 7 (Fla. 1943) (“The contract provided that a reasonable compensation be paid Chancey, the amount of which was to be fixed by H. C. Rorick as trustee for the bondholders’ committee.”); Papadakos v. Spooner, 186 So. 2d 786, 786–87 (Fla. 3d DCA 1966) (“The complaint brought by [the attorney] against [the clients] alleged, in part, that . . . (5) [the client] agreed ‘that a reasonable fee would be paid to [the attorney].’”).

Supreme Court explained that a return of service is regular on its face if it

includes the statutory factors contained in section 48.21, Florida Statutes:

The party who seeks to invoke the court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of proving proper service. This burden requires the party to demonstrate that the return of service is, under section 48.21, facially valid or regular on its face. A return of service that is regular on its face must include the statutory factors contained in section 48.21. If the return is regular on its face, then the service of process is presumed to be valid and the party challenging service has the burden of overcoming that presumption by clear and convincing evidence.

(Citations and quotation marks omitted).

Schuler argues that the Return of Service was not regular on its face

because the written description of the person served did not exactly match

Schuler’s description. A written description, however, is not one of the

factors listed in section 48.21, and Schuler has not cited any authority that

supports the proposition that a return of service containing a description that

does not exactly match the description of a person served renders the return

facially irregular.⁷

7 The facial irregularity cases Schuler cites are distinguishable as they involve failure to comply with the statutory factors required for service of process. See Re-Emp. Servs., Ltd. v. Nat’l Loan Acquisitions Co., 969 So. 2d 467, 472 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (“In the present case, the return of service was defective on its face because it not only failed to accurately note the

follows:

(1) Each person who effects service of process shall note on a return-of-service form attached thereto the date and time when it comes to hand, the date and time when it is served, the manner of service, the name of the person on whom it was served, and, if the person is served in a representative capacity, the position occupied by the person. The return-of-service form must list all pleadings and documents served and be signed by the person who effects the service of process. However, a person who is authorized under this chapter to serve process and who effects such service of process may sign the return-of-service form using an electronic signature.

Here, the Return of Service included all the required statutory factors

in section 48.21 and was therefore regular on its face. Thus, Schuler bore

the burden of challenging the validity of service by clear and convincing

date and time the process came to hand, but also it actually stated that it came to hand before the summonses were even issued.”); Romeo v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n, 144 So. 3d 585, 587 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (“Here, the affidavits of service stated that the process server received the alias summonses on September 10th, but they were not issued until September 12th. Thus, the affidavits are defective on their face under section 48.21 because they actually state that they ‘came to hand before the summonses were even issued.’”); Bank of Am., N.A. v. Bornstein, 39 So. 3d 500, 504 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (“Neither the original nor the amended return of service showed the absence of the statutorily prescribed superior classes of persons who could have been served.”); Bennett v. Christiana Bank & Tr. Co., 50 So. 3d 43, 45 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (“The process server’s notes contain no evidence of compliance with [§ 48.031(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2009)].”).

Schuler failed to meet this burden. There was ample evidence below that

Schuler was personally served, including the process server’s testimony,

photographs, and Schuler’s checking account statements showing

transactions taking place in Florida. Moreover, the only evidence that

Schuler was in Chicago at the time of service was his own testimony and

that of Shapck, his girlfriend, neither of whom the trial court found credible.

Schuler produced no other corroborating evidence.

III. CONCLUSION

The breach of contract damages in this case are liquidated because

the exact amount can be determined from the pleadings; therefore, we affirm

the trial court’s denial of Schuler’s motion to vacate the default judgment as

to Count I (Breach of Contract). We also affirm the trial court’s denial of

Schuler’s motion to quash service of process because Schuler has not

shown that the Return of Service was facially irregular, and he did not carry

his burden of challenging the validity of service by clear and convincing

evidence.

Affirmed.

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