THE CARIB PRINCE

Mr. Justice White,

after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

It was averred, in the answer, that the damage to the property of the libellant “ was due to latent defects in certain rivets, angle irons, braces and straps in the bulkhead between the No. 1 hold a.nd the peak tank just forward of it, or to some error or fault in the management or navigation of the vessel in filling the said peak tank on the voyage.” The District Court and the Circuit Court of Appeals held that the sole cause of the accident was a latent defect in a rivet from which the head had come off, leaving the hole through which the water poured in and upon the merchandise of the libellant. This defective condition of the rivet was found to have been caused by the fact that the quality of iron had been injured during the construction of the vessel by too much hammering, so that it became brittle and weak; rendering it unfit to sustain the reasonable pressure caused by filling the tank with water while at sea, and consequently causing the vessel to be tinseaworthy at the time the bills of lading were issued and the goods were received on board. The. settled doctrine of this court is that the concurrent decisions of two courts upon a question of fact will be followed unless shown to be clearly erroneous. Compania La Flecha v. Brauer, 168 U. S. 104, and cases there cited; Stuart v. Hayden, 169 U. S. 1; Baker v. Cummings, 169 U. S. 189, 198. As, after a careful .exámination of the evidence, we conclude that it does not clearly appear that the lower courts erred in their conclusion of fact, we accept as indisputable the finding that the Carib Prince was unseaworthy at the time of the commencement of the voyage in question, by reason of the defect in the tank above referred to.

Upon this premise of fact, the first question which arises for solution is this: Did the exceptions in the Bill of lading exempting the ship owner from loss or damage from .. '. . accidents to or latent defects in hull, tackle, boilers and ma-chinery or their appurtenances,” operate to relieve him from damages caused by, the state of unseaworthiness existing at the inception of the voyage and at the time the bill of lading was signed % This question is no longer open, as it is fully answered in the negative, by the decision in The Caledonia,' 157 U. S. 124. In that case the damage sought to be recovered had* been caused by the breaking of the shaft of the steamer by reason of a latent defect which existed at the com-. mencement of the voyage. The exemption from liability, .which was there asserted to exist, was predicated on a provision in the bill of lading, relieving the owner from “ loss or damage ; . . from delays, steam boilers and machinery or defects therein.” It was held that the clause in question operated, prospectively only and did not relate to a condition of unseaworthiness existing at the commencement of the voyage, and that it must be construed as contemplating only a state of un-' seaworthiness arising during the voyage. The principle upon which the ruling rested was that clauses' exempting the owner from the general obligation of furnishing a seaworthy' vessel must bé confined within strict limits, and were not to be ex-. tended by latitudinarian construction or forced implication só as to comprehend a state of unseaworthiness, whether patent or latent, existing at the commencement of the voyage. The rule thus announced in The Caledonia but expressed the doctrine stated by Lord Selborne in Steel v. State:Line Steamship Co., L. E. 3 App. Cas; 72, that the exceptions in a bill of lading ought, if in reason it be possible to do so, to receive “ a construction not nullifying and destroying the implied-obligation of the ship owner to provide a ship proper for the performance of the duty which he has undertaken.” The fact that the exempting clause in the present case refers to latent defects, whilst that passed on in The Caledonia embraced defects generally, does not take this, case out of the control of the general rule laid down in The Caledonia. The decision in The Caledonia was based; not on the particular character of the defects there referred to, but on the general ground that, unless there were express words to the contrary, the language of the exempting clause would not be held to apply to defects, whether patent or latent, existing when the voyage was commenced. In other words, that where the owner desires the exemption to cover a condition of unseaworthiness existing at the commencement of the voyage, he must unequivocally so contract. An illustration of such contract was found in The Laertes, 12 Prob. Div. 187, referred to in the opinion in The. Caledonia. In that casé the bill of lading stipulated, no.t merely against latent defects, but against all such defects existing at the time of the shipment.

The coñdition of unseaworthiness found to exist not being then'within the exceptions, contained in the bill of lading, it remains only to.consider whether under the facts disclosed by the record, aside from the exceptions in the bill of lading, the ship owüer was liable for the damages caused by the únseaworthy condition of the ship. The contention is that, as the owner exercised due diligence to make the ship seaworthy, he was consequently not liable, because, under the present state of the law, a ship owner is no longer under the obligation to furnish a seaworthy ship, but only to exercise due diligence to do so. The radical change in the duties and obligations of ship owners which this proposition involves is asserted to arise from the statute of February 13, 1893, c. 105, 27 Stat, 445, commonly described as the Harter Act. The proposition' rests on the assumed meaning of the second and third sections of that' act. The second section is. as follows:

“ Sjso. 2. That it shall not be lawful for any vessel transporting merchandise or property from or between the ports of the United States of America and foreign ports, her owner, master, agent, or manager, to insert in any bill of lading or shipping document any covenant of agreement whereby the 'obligations of the owner or owners of said vessel to exercise due diligence .[to] properly equip, man, provision and outfit said vessel, and to make said vessel seaworthy and capable of performing her intended voyage, or whereby the obligations of tile master, officers, agents or servants to carefully handle and stow her cargo and to care for and properly deliver same, shall in anywise be lessened, weakened or avoided.”

Now, it is patent that the foregoing provisions deal not with tl\e general duty, of the owner to furnish a seaworthy ship, but sololv with his; power to exempt himself from so doing by. contract, when the particular conditions exacted by the statute obtain. Because the owner may, when he has used due diligence to furnish a seaworthy ship, contract against the obligation of seaworthiness, it does not at all follow that when he has made no contract to so exempt himself he nevertheless-is relieved from furnishing a seaworthy ship, and is subjected only to the duty of using due diligence. .To make it unlawful to insert in a contract a provision exempting from seaworthiness where due diligence has not been used, cannot by any sound rule of construction be treated as implying that where due diligence has been used, and there is no contract exempting the owner, his obligation to furnish a seaworthy vessel has ceased to exist. The fallacy of the construction relied on-consists in assuming that because the statute has forbidden the ship owner from contracting against the duty to furnish a seaworthy ship unless he has been diligent, that thereby the statute has declared that' without contract no obligation to furnish a seaworthy ship obtains in the event due diligence has been used. And the same fallacy is involved in the contention that this construction is supported by the third section of the act. The third section is as follows:

“Sec. 3. That if the owner of any vessel transporting merchandise or property to or from any port in the United States of America shall exercise due diligence to make the said vessel in all respects seaworthy and properly manned, equipped and supplied, neither the vessel, her owner or owners, agent or charterers, shall become or be held responsible for damage or loss resulting from faults or errors in navigation or in the management of said vessel, nor shall the vessel, her owner or owners, charterers, agent or master, be held liable for losses arising from dangers of the sea or other navigable waters, acts of God, or public enemies, or the inherent defect, quality or vice of the thing carried, Or from insufficiency of package, or seizure under legal process; or for loss resulting from any act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or. representative, or from saving or attempting to save life or property at sea, or from any deviation in rendering such service.”

. The exemption of the owners or charterers from loss result ing from “faults or errors in navigation or in the management of the vessel,” arid for certain other designated causes, in no way implies that because the owner is thus exempted when he has been duly diligent that thereby the law has also relieved him from the duty of furnishing a seaworthy vessel. The immunity from risks of a described character, when due diligence has been used, cannot be so extended as to cause the statute to say that the owner when he has been duly diligent is not only exempted in. accordance with the tenor of the statute from the limited and designated risks which are named therein, but is alsq relieved, as respects every claim of every other description, from the duty of furnishing a seaworthy ship. These considerations dispose of all the questions arising on the record.

. The decrees rendered both in the Circuit Court of Appeals and in the District Court must be reversed, and the case be .remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion. And it is so ordered.

Mr, Justice Brown,

with whom concurred Mr. Justice Beewee, dissenting.

For the reasons stated by me in The Caledonia, 157 U. S. 124, 140, I am compelled to dissent from the opinion of the court in this case. The accident in that case occurred by the breaking of a propeller shaft, owing to its having been weakened by meeting with extraordinarily heavy seas on previous voyages. No defect in the ship was visible, or could have been detected by the usual and reasonable means, if the shaft had been taken out and examined.

The minority of the court, conceding the general principle . that, in every contract for the carriage of goods by sea, unless otherwise expressly stipulated, there is a warranty on the part of the ship owner that the ship is seaworthy at the time of the .beginning of the voyage, was of opinion that the 'Caledonia was exempt from the losses claimed by the exception in the bill-of ,• lading “of loss or damage from .. . . machinery or. defects therein.” It was argued that this exception was obviously inserted for the purpose of exempting the ship from some • liability to which, without, such exception, it would be'subject. It evidently was not intended to be limited to mere breakages of machinery which should occur after the voyage began, since the breaking of sound machinery through the stress of .weather is treated as an . inevitable accident or peril of the sea, for \yhich the ship would not be liable, whether there were an exception or not, and the following cases were cited as sustaining this proposition: The Virgo, 3 Asp. Mar. Law, 285; The William Lindsay, L. R. 5 P. C. 338 ; The Miranda, L. R. 3 Ad. & Ec. 561; The Cargo ex Laertes, 12 P. D. 187; The Curlew, 51 Fed. Rep. 246.

In the case under consideration the exception is more specific, and exempts the ship “ from loss or damage from . . . accidents or latent defects in hull, tackle, boilers and machinery, or their appurtenances.” It was admitted that the sole cause of the accident was a latent defect in a rivet from wThich. the head had come off; that this defective condition of the rivet was. caused by the fact that the quality of the iron'had been injured during the construction of the vessel by too much hammering, so that it had become brittle and weak, thus rendering it unfit to sustain the reasonable pressure caused by filling the tank with water while at sea.

It was further found by the courts below that abundant diligence had been used in the construction of the vessel; that the defect in the rivet was a latent one which occurred at the time she was built; that it was not discovered and was not discoverable at that time or subsequently, by the exercise of all the known and customary tests and methods of examination, which were all employed.

The question then arises as to what was meant by the exception of “ latent defects.” It evidently was not intended to refer to defects which became such after the beginning of the voyage through stress of weather or other perils of the sea, since the ship would not be liable for such defects or breakages, whether excepted or not in a bill of lading. A ship is never liable for an accident or breakage of machinery occasioned by perils of the sea, and the word “ defects ” is never used in that connection. The words “latent defect,” as ordinarily understood, apply to something existing at the time the ship or other vehicle was constructed, and such as was not discovered and could not be discovered by ordinary methods of examination. To exempt "a vessel from the consequences of such a defect is neither unreasonable nor unjust, and most of the modern bills of lading contain a stipulation to that effect.

The case of the Cargo ex Laertes, 12 P. D. 187, is in point. Bills of lading, under which the cargo was shipped, contained, among other excepted perils, the clauses “ warranted seaworthy only so far as ordinary care can provide,” and “ owners not to be liable for loss, detention or damage ... if arising directly or indirectly . . . from latent defects in boilers, machinery, . . . even existing at time of shipment.”’ The Laertes broke down from-a latent defect which could not have been discovered by the exercise of all reasonable care, and it was held that the exception of lament defects,if it did not abrogate, at all events limited, the warranty which the law would otherwise imply that the ship was seaworthy at the beginning of the voyage. I do not regard-the words “ even existing at time of shipment ” as adding • anything' to the words “ latent defects,” since in our view of those words, as ordinarily understood, they must have existed at the time of shipment.

The hardship of the ruling in the case under consideration ¡appears the more manifest from the fact that the Carib Prince was a British steamer, and that the bill of lading was signed at. Trinidad, a port governed by the English law.

I agree with the majority of the court that the Harter Act cuts no figure in' this case. While it is possible that the framers of this act may have intended to exonerate ships from the consequences of unseaworthiness where due diligence had been used to make them seaworthy, it must be conceded that the language of the third section does not express such intent, since it only exonerates them from loss or dam•age resulting from faults or errors in navigation or management. But I think that recent cases in-this court have imposed a most severe and impracticable measure of liability — one which operates with great hardship upon the prudent and careful owner, and one which is calculated to invite further legislation in the direction of the Harter Act.