TOYOTA
v.
TERRITORY OF HAWAII

U.S. | 1912-12-02
No. 49
226 U.S. 184 Supreme Court of the United States (1912) Positive Treatment
Also reported at: 57 L. Ed. 180 · 33 S. Ct. 47 · SCDB 1912-019 · 1912 U.S. LEXIS 2144
Cited by 49 cases

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Synopsis

Toyota, an auctioneer in Honolulu, Hawaii, was convicted of selling goods at auction without an auctioneer's license and challenged the constitutionality of Hawaii's licensing statute on equal protection grounds, arguing it arbitrarily discriminated by charging a $600 annual fee in Honolulu while charging only $15 in other districts. The Supreme Court affirmed the conviction, holding that the statute's classification was not "palpably arbitrary" and that the legislature had a reasonable basis for distinguishing between Honolulu and other districts based on differing local economic conditions, establishing that legislative classifications need only satisfy a rational basis review to survive equal protection challenges.

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Opinion of the Court
Mr. Justice Hughes

Mr. Justice Hughes delivered the’opinion of the court.

The plaintiff in error wás -convicted in. the District Court’ofTIonolulu,.Hawaii, of the offense of selling goods, at auction,' in Honolulu, without an auctioneer’s license, and was sentenced to pay a fine of six hundred, dollars and costs. The Supreme Court affirmed-the,conviction, and the; case comes here on error. .Tn. order tq obtain a license-for auction, sales it was necessary to pay the. fee prescribed by § 1343 of the Re-; .vised Laws of the Territory of"Hawaii, which provides:

.. “The annual fee for a license to sell goods, wares and merchandise or other property at auction, shall be six hundred dollars for the district' of Honolulu, and fifteen' dollars for each other taxation district.”

An agreed statement; of facts showed that the plaintiff in error was the agent of-the corporation known as the “Hawaiian Fisheries, Limited,” which handled fish daily for a large number of fishermen. The catch was brought to. the market in Honolulu, where the plaintiff in error offered it in basjcet lots, each basket containing from 70 to 100 pounds, to the retail dealers of fish only, .the one bidding the highest price beconfing.the purchaser.-

. The plaintiff in error contended in the territorial court that he did not sell at auction'within the meaning of the-statute, and further, that the statute, if it was applicable,, denied to, him the equal protection of the laws contrary to ' the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the. United States because of the discrimination between the district of'Honolulu and other districts in the amount of the license fees imposed.

The Supreme Court of Hawaii assumed, as the plaintiff in error argues, that the word “auction” in § 1343 means public auction. This conclusion was reached in the light of the. requirement of § 1345 that the bond to be given by the person receiving the license should contain a provision that he will not sell “except at public auction”; and, the court ruled that the sales conducted by the plaintiff in error were, sales at public auction within the contemplation of the statute although bids were accepted only from the retail dealers or the persons conducting.fish tables at the market. This ruling presents no Federal question and hence is not rfeviewable-here, as only such, questions are before us upon this writ of error as could be raised Upon a writ of error to a state court. Act of April 30, 1900, c. 339, § 86, 31 Stat. 141, 158; Equitable Life Assurance Society v. Brown, 187 U. S. 308, 309; Notley v. Brown, 208 U. S. 429, 440. In view of the amount involved, the case cannot in any view come within the amendment made by the act of March 3, 1905, c. 1465, § 3, 33 Stat. 1035; Honolulu Transit Co. v. Wilder, 211 U. S. 144.

The remaining contention, urged -in various forms by-the assignments of error, comes to the single point that the-statute created an arbitrary classification. . It cannot be said, however, that there was no reasonable basis for á distinction between Honolulu and other districts. And it was the province of the legislature to decide upon the amount of the fees which should be charged. ' It must be assumed that in so deciding it took into account varying conditions in the respective localities,' as, for . example, in the amount, of business , transacted and-in the corresponding value of .such licenses., Necessarily, as was said' in Magoun v. Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, 170 U. S. 283, 294, the power of classification “must have a wide range of discretion.” It is not reviéwable “unless palpably arbitrary.” Orient Insurance Co. v. Daggs, 172 U. S. 557, 562; Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Melton, 218 U. S. 36, 52-55; Engel v. O’Malley, 219 U. S. 128; Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U. S. 61, 78; Mutual Loan Co., v. Martell, 222 U. S. 225, 235. With its intimate knowledge of local conditions, the Supreme Court of the Territory said upon this point: "The great bulk of the business óf the Territory is done in Honolulu. It is not for us to say whether we would make the difference in the ¡amount of license, fees in this case as .large as the legislature has made it. It is sufficient that we cannot say that the difference is unreasonable or that the statute is unequal or arbitrary in its operation.” We find no ground for a different conclusion.

Judgment affirmed.

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Citator

Cited By (17 total)

  • Hiers v. Mitchell, 95 Fla. 345 (Fla. 1928)
    …ant in error by this Court in the case of Davis vs. Fla. Power Co., 64 Fla. 246, 60 Sou. 759; American Annotated Cases, 1914, B 965, in which case the Court in this regard followed the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Toyota v. Hawaii, 226 U. S. 184, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 47, and Tinseley v. Anderson, 171 U. S. 101, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 805, and later in the case of Peninsular Casualty Co. v. The State, the Court speaking through Mr. Justice Whitfield' reaffirmed what had formerly been said, saying: “T…
  • Davis v. Fla. Power Co., 64 Fla. 246 (Fla. 1912)
    …e made between persons who are in reality similarly situated or conditioned with reference to the regulation and its practical consequences. A legislative classification is not reviewable unless it is palpably arbitrary. Toyota v. Hawaii, — U. S. —, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 47. Legislation which, in carrying out a public purpose, is limited in its application, if within the sphere or its operation it affects alike all persons similarly situated. [*268] is not violative of the constitutional guaranty of equal protection o…
  • Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Amos, 104 Fla. 609 (Fla. 1932)
    …persons subject to it are treated alike under like circumstances and conditions. Hayes vs. Missouri 120 U. S. 68, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 350, 30 L. Ed. 578; Giles v. Teasley 193 U. S. 146, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 359, 48 L. Ed. 655; Toyota vs. Territory of Hawaii 226 U. S. 184, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 47, 57 L. Ed. 180. “Classification must have relation to the purpose of the legislature, but logical appropriateness of the inclusion or exclusion of objects or persons is not required. A classification may not be merely arbitrary…
    1 / 4

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