LEVINSON

v.

UNITED STATES ET AL.

Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a controversy between the appellant, Levinson, and Johnson, one of the appellees, as to which of the two is entitled to the steam yacht Wadena. The yacht had been taken for the purposes of the late war and subsequently was offered for public sale by the Secretary of the Navy in pursuance of an Executive Order of January 7, 1919, authorized by the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 141, § 5, 22 Stat. 599. Levinson sent in a bid complying with the terms of the offer, was declared the highest bidder and sent his check for the residue above the required deposit. Thereupon he received a bill of sale under the seal of the Department dated September 3,1919, acknowledging that he had become the legal purchaser and had paid the price, and stating that the vessel “ is hereby delivered to and declared to be the property of said Morris Levinson.” On September 8 it was discovered that Johnson had sent in a higher bid which had been misplaced and overlooked. After making the discovery the Navy Department refused to give up the Wadena to Levinson and attempted to rescind the transaction with him. He insisted on his rights and Johnson on his side offered to pay the amount of his bid and also demanded delivery of the yacht. The United States thereupon brought the present bill to determine the rights of the parties, and although it did not stand indifferent and has endeavored to maintain Johnson’s right and so to get the higher price, not to speak of Levinson’s claim in contract, still as all parties consented tb the jurisdiction we do not feel called upon to raise a question upon that score. See McGowan v. Parish, 237 U. S. 285, 295, et seq.

The District Cburt decided in favor of Levinson. Both Johnson and the United States appealed. The Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal of the United States on the ground that it was a mere stakeholder, but, one Judge dissenting, reversed the decree of the District Court and decided in favor of Johnson, on the ground that the Secretary of the Navy had no authority to accept any other than what was the highest bid in fact. 267 Fed. 692.

We are of opinion that the Circuit Court of Appeals construed the authority of the Secretary of the Navy too narrowly and that the decision of the District Court was right. The Act of 1883, § 5, provides for an appraisal and an advertisement for three months setting forth the appraised value and that the vessel will be sold to the offerer of the highest price above the appraised value, &c. The section concludes “ But no vessel of the Navy shall hereafter be sold in any other manner than herein provided, or for less than such appraised value, unless the President of the United States shall otherwise direct in writing.” The power of the President to direct a departure from the statute is not confined to a sale for less than the appraised value but extends to the manner of the sale. The word “ unless ” qualifies both the requirements of the concluding clause. The executive order seemingly so construes the statute, for it merely provides that if the former owner of the vessel will not purchase at the appraised value the Secretary of the Navy shall sell at public sale “ for such price as he shall approve.” The Secretary construed the order to like effect. He did not advertise-for three months and he allowed a variation from the statute in the form of deposit required.'

It seems to us that the practices of ordinary business dealing ought so far to bind the United States that the ostensible authority given by the executive order, the Secretary’s declaration that Levinson’s bid was the highest, his approval of the price, and his execution of a bill of sale, should be held conclusive in fávor of Levinson. The fact that the Secretary advertised that he would sell to the highest bidder could not limit his authority or diminish the effect of his acts. Even if Johnson’s bid had made a contract automatically by being the highest, it would not follow that Leyinson’s title was bad. But-a bid had no such effect, as the right to reject it was reserved. We can see no justification beyond the wish to secure a higher price, for the refusal to allow the appellant to remove his yacht. The title passed to him upon the execution of the bill of sale. Hatch v. Oil Co., 100 U. S. 124, 128. It is suggested that there is no longer a question before the Court because it is said that the District Court entered a decree in pursuance of the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals and that the Navy Department Thereupon delivered the yacht to Johnson. This was a further departure from the position of stakeholder assumed by the United States but cannot affect the decree to be entered upon its bill. It is urged for Johnson that there was a mistake that relieved the Government. There was no mistake that Levinson had anything to do with or that would warrant a court of equity in requiring him to giye up the title that he acquired.

Decree of Circuit Court of Appeals reversed.

Mr. Justice Clarke was absent and took no part in the decision.

Mr. Justice McKenna,

dissenting.

The opinion, in my view, gives too much prominence to the action of the Navy Department and, in effect, determines the case by it as if the controversy were between the Department and Levinson, and not between him and Johnson. It caused the controversy, indeed, and by its mistake gave a right to Levinson to which Johnson was entitled. Has the law no redress for the injury thus inflicted? It would be a reproach to it if it have not.

Let. me repeat the facts. In pursuance of a statute, and in the manner directed by it, the Navy Department offered the yacht Wadena for sale. It was the duty of the Department to the Government of which it was an instrument to accept the highest bid, and it owed a duty as well to him who should be the highest bidder. Johnson responded to the offer of sale and, his bid was the highest. By mistake, however, the bid was assigned to a boat of similar name. In consequence of the mistake Levinson was considered the highest bidder and a bill of sale was issued to him. Before the delivery of the yacht, however, the mistake was discovered and the yacht was retained by the Department. This being the situation, the Department, not in its own interest, not in partiality to either claimant, caused this suit to be brought that the rights of the claimants could' be adjudicated. The suit is a disclaimer of interest or favor; it is in the naturé of a bill of interpleader and the contest is remitted to the inter-pleaded, Levinson and Johnson, and the law of their rights. And that law is dependent, upon what they did, not upon what the Navy Department did, — upon the priorities between them, not upon a chance advantage. These are the elements that should determine judgment, whether we assign to accident or mistake the action of the Department in declaring Lévinson to be the purchaser of the yacht. I need not dwell upon the sufficiency of either as a ground of relief.

Accident is said to be one of the oldest heads of equity jurisdiction, ,and a learned authority says its -first and principal requisite is, that, by an event not expected nor foreseen, one party has without ffiult and undesignedly undergone some legal loss while another party has acquired a legal right which it is contrary to good conscience for him to retain and enforce., 2 Pomeroy, § 824. .

The requisites and consequences are in this case, and exhibit the relative situations and rights of Levinson and Johnson. Levinson has acquired a rigTit to which Johnson was entitled and which Johnson lost by an'accident to which he was not a contributor. The law in its sufficiency and prudence meets such contingent happening and gives a remedy to prevent or redress its injury. That Levinson was given a bill of gale is not a serious1'deterrent. As the bill of sale could have been refused it can be disregarded as an element of decision. '

Mistake as well as accident (mistake may be considered a corollary of accident) is a ground of relief which the law’s remedia,! consideration furnishes for the redress of -injustice. And that a mistake was made cannot be denied, and to which no act or negligence of Johnson was accessory. He responded to the solicitation of the Navy Department executing the law, and he was entitled to the preference that the law commanded. It was given to another by mistake. The law will not permit him to retain it, and this is a necessary deduction, I confidently believe and, therefore, confidently express,, though. it is opposed by the judgment of my brethren. I repeat, that there was a mistake cannot be disputed, and I cannot think that its consummation'protects it from correction and that a remedy should be denied because it is needed, all of its conditions existing.

It was the view of the Circuit Court of Appeals in a well reasoned opinion that the Secretary of the Navy had “ no authority to deliver the bill of sale to Levinson ” but was “ bound to deliver it to Johnson.” There is much to sustain the decision; I, however, base my dissent upon the views that I have-expressed, and think that the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals should be affirmed.