HOWINGTON

v.

UNITED STATES

Citator

Cited By

• Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (U.S. 1985)
  …in the Court’s opinion reached similar results. See ante, at 310, n. 2, citing United States v. Bowler, 561 F. 2d 1323 (CA9 1977); United States v. Toral, 536 F. 2d 893 (CA9 1976); and United States v. Knight, 395 F. 2d 971 (CA2 1968), cert, denied, 395 U. S. 930 (1969). Yet subsequent decisions of the Ninth Circuit have made clear that Bowler and Toral have not led to an abandonment of traditional derivative-evidence analysis in that jurisdiction. See, e. g., United States v. Lee, supra, at 468-469 (“Here…
• United States v. Schmidt, 573 F.2d 1057 (9th Cir. 1978)
  …50 L.Ed .2d 782 (1977); United States v. Toral, 536 F. 2d 893, 896 (9 Cir. 1976); Knott v. Howard, 511 F. 2d 1060 (1 Cir. 1975); United States v. Shea, 436 F. 2d 740 (9 Cir. 1970); United States v. Knight, 395 F. 2d 971 (2 Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 930, 89 S.Ct. 1776, 23 L.Ed.2d 249 (1969); Cotton v. United States, 371 F. 2d 385, 393 (9 Cir. 1967). Accordingly the inquiry must focus on whether the conditions which caused the first inadmissible admission also caused the later admission. This depen…
• United States v. Toral, 536 F.2d 893 (9th Cir. 1976)
  …voluntarily under the proper circumstances. United States v. Bayer, 331 U.S. 532, 539-41, 67 S.Ct. 1394, 91 L.Ed. 1654 (1947). See Knott v. Howard, 511 F. 2d 1060 (1st Cir. 1975); United States v. Knight, 395 F. 2d 971 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 930, 89 S.Ct. 1776, 23 L.Ed.2d 249 (1969); Cotton v. United States, 371 F. 2d 385, 393 (9th Cir. 1967). Therefore, the proper inquiry is whether the conditions that rendered the pre-warning admissions inadmissible carried over to invalidate appellant’s…