GOULDEN
v.
OLIVER ET AL.

U.S. | 1979-06-04
No. 78-6067
with whom Mr. Justice Brennan joins,
442 U.S. 922 Supreme Court of the United States (1979) Positive Treatment
Cited by 5 cases
Topics
Religious Freedom In Prison First Amendment (Free Exercise Clause) Free Exercise Clause Prisoner Rights

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Dissent
Mr. Justice Blackmun,

Mr. Justice Blackmun,

with whom Mr. Justice Brennan joins,

dissenting.

Petitioner Dudley Dee Goulden asserts that he is an Orthodox Jew, and that the Alabama prison authorities have forced him to shave and cut his hair, which is contrary to his religious beliefs. He filed this suit under 42 U.

S. C. § 1983 alleging that the prison’s grooming regulations violated his rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court dismissed his complaint, reasoning that the prison regulations promoted cleanliness and personal identification and that those valid objectives outweighed any religious freedom petitioner was entitled to enjoy under the Constitution. By a single-judge order and without opinion, the' United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied petitioner’s pro se application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis. To support these rulings, respondents rely on Brooks v. Wainwright, 428 F. 2d 652 (CA5 1970), which upheld the dismissal of a somewhat similar complaint.1 See also Brown v. Wainwright, 419 F. 2d 1376 (CA5 1970).

In Cruz v. Beto, 405 U. S. 319 (1972), this Court held that a complaint that challenged restrictions on an inmate’s practice of Buddhism stated a claim upon which relief could be granted. Ruling that “reasonable opportunities must be afforded to all prisoners to exercise the religious freedom guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments without fear of penalty,” id., at 322 n. 2, the Court remanded the case for a hearing on the merits. See also Cooper v. Pate, 378 U. S. 546 (1964). Whatever validity the Fifth Circuit’s Brooks rule may once have had, it has been severely undercut by Cruz and the subsequent eases that have reaffirmed the principle that prison regulations are subject to constitutional scrutiny. See Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Union, 433 U. S. 119 (1977); Bounds v. Smith, 430 U. S. 817 (1977); Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U. S. 396 (1974).

Citing Cruz and Martinez, the Second Circuit has rejected Brooks and held that a prisoner challenging prison grooming regulations on free exercise grounds is entitled to a hearing on the reasonableness of the prison’s regulations. Burgin v. Henderson, 536 F. 2d 501, 504, and n. 8 (1976).

Accord: Jihaad v. Carlson, 410 F. Supp. 1132, 1134 (ED Mich. 1976); Wright v. Raines, 1 Kan. App. 2d 494, 500-501, 571 P. 2d 26, 31-32 (1977), cert. denied, 435 U. S. 933 (1978).

Similarly, the Eighth Circuit has rejected the contention that such regulations are valid as a matter of law, and has affirmed a decision finding violative of the Free Exercise Clause an Iowa rule that prevented an American Indian prisoner from wearing long braided hair. Teterud v. Burns, 522 F. 2d 357, 362 (1975) (rejecting language in Proffitt v. Ciccone, 506 F. 2d 1020 (CA8 1974)).

Other courts have upheld similar free exercise claims. See Wright v. Raines, 457 F. Supp. 1082 (Kan. 1978); Moskowitz v. Wilkinson, 432 F. Supp. 947 (Conn. 1977) (Orthodox Jew); Monroe v. Bombard, 422 F. Supp. 211, 217-218 (SDNY 1976); Maguire v. Wilkinson, 405 F. Supp. 637 (Conn. 1975).

While a decision based on evidentiary proof may well result in a finding that petitioner’s religious beliefs are not sincere,2 or that the State’s interests are sufficient to justify the restriction imposed on petitioner’s professed religious practice, I am not yet prepared to say that there is no set of facts that would entitle him to relief. I would permit petitioner to proceed in forma pauperis, grant the petition, vacate the order of the Court of Appeals, and remand the case with instructions to allow petitioner an adjudication on the merits of his complaint.

The District Court cited three decisions involving personal lifestyle claims. Hill v. Estelle, 537 F. 2d 214 (CA5 1976); Rinehart v. Brewer, 491 F. 2d 705 (CA8 1974); Daugherty v. Reagan, 446 F. 2d 75 (CA9 1971). None of these, however, dealt with religious rights under the Free Exercise Clause. Hill did discuss Brooks.

Respondents, citing two suits in which other allegations made by petitioner proved untrue, contend that the District Court could have dismissed the complaint as an abuse of process. Respondents, however, do not challenge the facts as stated by petitioner, and do not contend that the question presented has been previously litigated. The District Court’s opinion rejects petitioner’s claim on the merits and does not question his good faith.

Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus

Citator

Cited By

  • Bradbury v. Louie L. Wainwright, 718 F.2d 1538 (11th Cir. 1983)
    ….Ed.2d 59 (1981) (Brennan, J., concurring); United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 419, 100 S.Ct. 624, 639, 62 L.Ed.2d 575 (1980) (Stevens, J., concurring) (courts should not give “undue deference to” prison officials’ expertise); Goulden v. Oliver, 442 U.S. 922, 99 S.Ct. 2848, 61 L.Ed.2d 290 (1979) (Blackmun, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari) (Jones and Martinez “reaffirm[ ] the principle that prison regulations are subject to constitutional scrutiny”). Thus, for example, prison administrators’ bal…
  • Dreibelbis v. Marks, 675 F.2d 579 (3d Cir. 1982)
    …M.D.Pa.1974) (three judge court) (upholding grooming regulation against due process and equal protection challenge); United States ex rel. Frow v. Walters, No. 74-286 (W.D.Pa. March 27, 1975) (three judge court) (same). See also Goulden v. Oliver, 442 U.S. 922, 99 S.Ct. 2848, 61 L.Ed.2d 290 (1979) (Black-mun, J. and Brennan, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari). Although we do not intimate how we would resolve the conflict between these two competing interests, we believe that appellant’s complaint…
  • Shabazz v. Barnauskas, 600 F. Supp. 712 (M.D. Fla. 1985)
    …he Fifth Circuit’s Brooks rule may once have had, it has been severely undercut by Cruz and the subsequent eases that have reaffirmed the principle that prison regulations are subject to constitutional scrutiny.” Goulden v. Oliver, 442 U.S. 922, 923, 99 S.Ct. 2848, 2849, 61 L.Ed.2d 290 (1979) (Blackmun, J., and Brennan, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari) (citations omitted). In Goulden, the Fifth Circuit had denied leave to appeal in forma pauperis the district court’s d…

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