PACIFIC FAR EAST LINE, INC.

v.

ZIRPOLI, U. S. DISTRICT JUDGE (R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO. ET AL., REAL PARTIES IN INTEREST)

Citator

Cited By

• Illinois v. Gates et ux., 462 U.S. 213 (U.S. 1983)
  …t record. And this Court may dismiss a writ of certiorari as improvidently granted when the record makes decision of a federal question unwise. See, e. g., Minnick v. California Dept. of Corrections, 452 U. S. 105 (1981). In California v. Minjares, 443 U. S. 916, 928 (1979) (REHNQUIST, J., joined by Burger, C. J., dissenting from the denial of stay), the author of today’s opinion for the Court urged that the parties be directed to brief whether the exclusionary rule should be retained. In Minjares, like thi…
• United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (U.S. 1984)
  …462 U. S., at 254-267 (White, J., concurring in judgment); Brown v. Illinois, 422 U. S. 590, 609-612 (1975) (Powell, J., concurring in part); Schneckloth v. Bustamante, 412 U. S. 218, 261-271 (1973) (Powell, J., concurring); California v. Minjares, 443 U. S. 916 (1979) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting from denial of stay). One Court of Appeals, no doubt influenced by these individual urgings, has adopted a form of good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. United States v. Williams, 622 F. 2d 830 (CA5 1980) (…
• Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (U.S. 1980)
  …not take into account the risk that the wrongdoer will escape liability altogether. In addition, it is often not clear what conduct violates the Constitution, see, e. g., Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U. S. 622 (1980);11 California v. Minjares, 443 U. S. 916, 917-919 (1979) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting from denial of stay). In many cases the uncertainty as to what constitutes a constitutional violation will impair the deterrent impact of a Bivens remedy.12 Finally, the perceptions of the potential wrong…