CAMP

v.

CALIFORNIA

Citator

Cited By (13 total)

• United States v. Augustin Alvarez, 755 F.2d 830 (11th Cir. 1985)
  …ecedented. See, e.g., Government of Virgin Islands v. Dowling, 633 F. 2d 660, 666 (3d Cir.) (conspiracy to commit bank robbery; substantive crime of assault with deadly weapons against police officers, committed during escape attempt), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 960, 101 S.Ct. 374, 66 L.Ed.2d 228 (1980); Park v. Huff, 506 F. 2d 849, 859 (5th Cir.) (liquor conspiracy; substantive crime of first degree murder of local district attorney, committed in attempt to stop investigation of illegal liquor sales), cert. de…
• United States v. Ghassan L. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir. 1983)
  …cluding this one, have continued to take the position that the preliminary determinations as to admissibility must be made on the basis of independent evidence. Government of the Virgin Islands v. Dowling, 633 F. 2d 660, 665 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 960, 101 S.Ct. 374, 66 L.Ed.2d 228 (1980); United States v. Trowery, 542 F. 2d 623, 627 (3d Cir. 1976) (per curiam), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1104, 97 S.Ct. 1132, 51 L.Ed.2d 555 (1977); United States v. James, 590 F. 2d 575, 581 (5th Cir.) (in banc), cert…
• United States v. Gibbs, 739 F.2d 838 (3d Cir. 1984)
  …ing the existence of a conspiracy including the defendant by “a fair preponderance of independent evidence.” Id. at 811-13. See Ammar, 714 F. 2d at 246 & n. 3.; Government of the Virgin Islands v. Dowling, 633 F. 2d 660, 665 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 960, 101 S.Ct. 374, 66 L.Ed.2d 228 (1980); United States v. Continental Group, Inc., 603 F. 2d 444, 457 (3d Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1032, 100 S.Ct. 703, 62 L.Ed.2d 668 (1980).11 .This preponderance standard simply requires the prosecution to p…