MICHAEL CANNEY, PETITIONER,
v.
BOARD OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION OF ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA, RESPONDENT (TWO CASES)
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Michael Canney challenges his suspension from high school for violating the school board's hair regulation, arguing the administrative hearing violated due process and that the regulation was unconstitutional. The court upholds the suspension, finding that adequate notice and opportunity to comply were provided, the regulation is valid until declared unconstitutional by a court of competent jurisdiction, and the board's quasi-judicial deliberations were properly confidential.
The court affirmed the suspension, holding that: (1) due process requirements were satisfied because Canney received adequate notice and opportunity to comply with the regulation; (2) the regulation is valid and need not be proven to disrupt education—constitutional challenges must be raised in court, not before the administrative agency; and (3) the board's quasi-judicial deliberations were privileged and did not violate the Sunshine Law.
[1] A school board's regulation is presumed valid until a court of competent jurisdiction declares it unconstitutional.
[2] A student's challenge to the constitutional validity of a school regulation must be litigated in a court of law, not before the administrative agency that adopted the reg…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“An administrative proceeding is not bound by the strict rules of judicial proceedings. The overall purpose of such proceeding is to give notice to the individual of the nature of his alleged misconduct and an opportunity to be heard.”
Establishes the standard for due process in administrative school suspension proceedings
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceThe Board of Public Instruction adopted a regulation in August 1966 requiring students to maintain neat dress and normal, acceptable haircuts. In Sept…
The full statement of facts, procedural history, and disposition for this case are member content.
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Michael Canney, by petition for writ of certiorari, seeks review of the action of the Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County, Florida, in suspending him from Gainesville High School.
Petitioner contends that the administrative hearing did not comply with the requirements of due process in that: 1. The Board’s order became effective nine days before hearing. 2. No formal charges were made against petitioner, notice of hearing was not given, and the Board made no findings and issued no order. Further contentions are that the Board erred in conducting part of its meeting in executive session and that the Board erred in not finding in favor of petitioner on the merits.
The stipulated facts are as follows: On August 30, 1966, the Board adopted a regulation requiring students to be neatly dressed, with normal and acceptable haircuts and prohibiting extreme or bizarre styles. A copy of the student handbook containing the regulation was distributed to all entering students at or about the time of their registration. During the last ten days of September 1968, the Dean of the School noticed the condition of Michael Canney’s hair and advised him to report on Monday, September 30, with his hair trimmed to meet the School Board’s regulations. This he failed to do and the matter was referred to the Principal. On October 1, 1968, the Principal talked to Michael approximately fifteen minutes and requested him to have his parents come to school with him to discuss his failure to comply with the School Board’s regulations. On October 2, 1968, the Principal talked to Michael’s father who advised that he did not intend to require Michael to comply with the regulations of the School Board in reference to his son’s hair style, but requested the Principal to delay taking any action until it could be determined if Michael was eligible for admission to P. K. Yonge School, which is operated by the University of Florida. Pursuant to the request, action was delayed until October 9, at which time the Principal by letter advised Mr. Canney that Michael would be suspended for ten days effective October 10, with the recommendation to the School Board that the suspension continue until such time as Michael should comply with the rules or withdraw from school. Michael Canney had ample notice that the school officials did not consider that his haircut complied with the School Board’s regulations and was given an opportunity to correct this condition prior to being suspended. On October 10, 1968, Michael Canney was represented by counsel at the School Board meeting. The Board confirmed the Principal’s suspension and *37recommendation that same remain in effect until compliance with the regulation, without prejudice to Michael’s right to request and secure a public hearing on such action. On October 14, Michael requested and was granted a public hearing which was held pursuant to that request.
At the beginning of the October 22 hearing, the Board’s attorney stated that he and Michael’s attorney “ * * * have gotten together and worked out a stipulation which we believe will cut down to some extent the extent of the hearing and the proof that will be necessary.” At this time the stipulation was read into the record. The remainder of the hearing was primarily consumed by argument of Michael’s counsel that it was incumbent upon the Board to go forward with additional proof that violation of the subject regulation by Michael disrupted the educational processes at Gainesville High School. The Board took the position that it had duly promulgated a regulation; Michael admitted violating same, consistently refused to comply with the regulation, and was suspended; and that no other action on the part of the Board is necessary.
It is within the context of the foregoing background that petitioner now contends that the October 14 hearing did not comply with the requirements of due process. An administrative proceeding is not bound by the strict rules of judicial proceedings. The overall purpose of such proceeding is to give notice to the individual of the nature of his alleged misconduct and an opportunity to be heard. Without unduly rehashing the record, we conclude that every reasonable opportunity was given to Michael to conform with the regulation of the Board. We observe that the stipulation read into the record at the beginning of the Board’s hearing disclosed: 1. Michael was seasonably informed that the Board had promulgated a regulation govterning the hair style of a student. 2. Michael admitted violation of the subject regulation and made it clear that he did not intend to comply with same. 3. The Board affirmed the Principal’s suspension and continued same upon the condition that Michael either have his hair cut or withdraw from school.
The gist of Michael’s position at the October 22 hearing was that the regulation was invalid in that it did not require allegation or proof that Michael’s hair style disrupted the educational processes at Gainesville High School. To answer this contention we must examine the fundamental authority of school officials. Section 232.26, Florida Statutes 1967, F.S.A., provides in part: “Subject to law and rules and regulations of the state board and of the county board * * * the principal may suspend a pupil for wilful disobedience, for open defiance of authority of a member of his staff, * * * provided, further, that no one suspension shall be for more than ten days * * Section 232.41, Florida Statutes 1967, F.S.A., provides :
“The county board of public instruction of each county shall have full power and authority to enforce the provisions for carrying out the provisions of this law and to prescribe and enforce such rules and regulations as are necessary for carrying out the provisions of this law. County boards are hereby required to enforce the provisions of this law by suspending or, if necessary, expelling any pupil in any elementary or secondary school who refuses or neglects to observe these provisions.”
Pursuant to the express provisions of the cited statutes, the Principal suspended Michael for ten days on October 10, and the Board extended the suspension upon the conditions recited, supra. The October 10 action on the Board’s part might well have contravened provisions of Chapter 120 in that a hearing was not afforded to the student; however, any such defects were cured by the granting of a hearing by the Board on October 22. The legislature empowered the Board to enact regulations. *38The Board enacted the subject regulation. Michael admittedly violated the regulation. We conclude that ample opportunity was given to Michael to conform with the cited regulation and his refusal to comply left the Board no alternative other than continue his suspension.
The regulation enacted by the Board pursuant to legislative authority is valid until some court of competent jurisdiction declares same to be violative of a state or federal constitutional right. Petitioner insists that before the Board could properly find that his violation of the regulation justified dismissal it was first required to prove by competent evidence that his hair style disrupted, distracted or disturbed the educational process in the school. In support of this position petitioner relies on the Federal court decisions of Ferrell v. Dallas Independent School District,1 and Davis v. Firment.2 The cited cases involved actions brought in courts of competent jurisdictions attacking the constitutional validity of school board regulations dealing with permissible hair-styling of students. In each case it was established by proof that bizarre or unusual types of hair style would in fact disturb, distract, or disrupt the educational process and therefore the regulations were held to be valid. No such attack on the constitutional validity of the regulation adopted by respondent has been made in this case. Such attack could only be made in a court of competent jurisdiction in a suit for declaratory judgment as provided by the Administrative Procedure Act of this State,3 and cannot be litigated before the administrative agency which adopted the regulation.
Petitioner’s second point is that the requirements of due process were not met and that no formal charges were made against the petitioner. This high school student was given personal notice of his violation by the Dean of students, and he admittedly ignored such notice. The stipulation presented at the hearing reflects that the student’s father was informed personally and in writing as to his son’s failure to comply with a regulation duly enacted by the School Board, and the father refused to have his son comply therewith. This record shows without question that both student and father were fully informed of the student’s violation of the School Board’s regulation and each demonstrated his wilful disobedience of the subject regulation. The Florida Legislature has explicitly empowered the school officials, the school boards, and the State Board of Public Instruction with full and complete authority to maintain discipline and decorum in the public schools of this State. By its enactments the Legislature has reflected the concern of the citizens of this State that discipline and decorum be maintained in our public school system. It is not the function of the judiciary to impose the explicit standards of criminal law as to indictment, notice and charges so as to preclude school officials from carrying out the mandate of the citizens of the State of Florida who have spoken through their legislative body. Each such incident must be judicially reviewed in the light of the record developed.
*39Next, petitioner contends that the “Government in the Sunshine Law,” Section 286.011, Florida Statutes, F.S.A., was violated by the School Board when it re: cessed the hearing on October 22 to reach a decision. The transcript of the proceedings discloses that petitioner’s attorney stated at one point: “I think that the School Board is in a position of being a quasi-judicial administrative agency at this point * * *” The observation was correct. The School Board was acting in a quasi-judicial capacity, and the conference held by it was privileged and did not fall within the purview of the cited statute.
We are not unaware of the dicta set out in our sister court’s opinion in Times Publishing Company v. Williams,4 in treating the application of the Government in the Sunshine Law wherein by footnote that Court observed that the performance of quasi-judicial functions were not excepted by the Legislature from the application of said statute. We are aware that there are three branches of government — legislative, executive and judicial. We are further aware that the Legislature is not empowered, by statute or otherwise, to prescribe the conduct of the internal government of the judicial branch. Such constitutional authority is vested solely and exclusively by the provisions of Article V in the judicial branch of the government. The Legislature is possessed of the authority to vest quasi-judicial functions in a county board of public instruction. However, once it has transformed a certain portion of said board’s responsibilities and duties into that of a judicial character, its prerogatives in the matter have ceased. Neither the public nor the press has any more right to enter into the judicial deliberations of the members of a county board of public instruction than they have to enter into the conference room of the Su- . preme Court- of Florida when the members of that Court are deliberating upon a judicial question or into a petit jury room when those citizens are deliberating upon their verdict.
Finally, petitioner contends that the Board erred in not entering a final order at its October 22, 1968, hearing. Since the stipulation, which admits refusal to comply with the regulations, was the only evidence presented, and since the only issue argued was the constitutionality of the regulation, a question the Board is not authorized to determine, the Board refused to rescind its decision to expel the student. An administrative order need not be in any particular form, but it must be final to preserve petitioner’s right of review. Here the action of the Board was final. No party was in doubt as to. its decision — that being that Michael would not be allowed to attend school until he complied with the regulation — nor as to the facts upon which it was based. We conclude that under the circumstances of this case there was such a final order as to warrant this Court’s review.
Certiorari denied.
CARROLL, DONALD K., Acting C. J., and WIGGINTON, J., concur.
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Canney v. Bd. OF Pub. Instruction OF Alachua Cnty., 278 So. 2d 260 (Fla. 1973)…[*262] ON REHEARING GRANTED ADKINS, Justice. Certiorari was granted in this cause to review the decision of the District Court of Appeal, First District, (231 So. 2d 34), on the ground of direct conflict with the opinion of the District Court of Appeal, Second District, in Times Publishing Co. v. Williams, Fla.App., 222 So. 2d 470. We have jurisdiction. Sunad, Inc. v. City of Sarasota, Fla., 122 So. 2d 611. Petiti…
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Shaughnessy v. Metro. Dade Cnty., 238 So. 2d 466 (Fla. 3d DCA 1970)…rts construing same. Compare Times Publishing Company v. Williams, Fla.App.1969, 222 So. 2d 470; Board of Public Instruction of Broward County v. Doran, Fla.1969, 224 So. 2d 693; Canney v. Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County, Fla.App.1970, 231 So. 2d 34; City of Miami Beach v. Berns, Fla.App.1970, 231 So. 2d 847. Therefore, we find no merit in this point. Considering the second error urged by the appellant [the failure to give notice and irregular vote], this contention has been answered adversely…
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Conyers v. Glenn, 243 So. 2d 204 (Fla. 2d DCA 1971)….Tex. 1970, 308 F.Supp. 551; Stevenson v. Wheeler County Bd. of Educ., S.D.Ga. 1969, 306 F.Supp. 97, affirmed 5th Cir. 1970, 426 F. 2d 1154; Brick v. Board of Educ., D.Colo.1969, 305 F.Supp. 1316; Canney v. Board of Public Instruction, Fla.App.1970, 231 So. 2d 34 [the validity of the regulation was not in issue] ; Leonard v. School Comm, of Attleboro, 1965, 349 Mass. 704, 212 N.E. 2d 468; Shows v. Freeman, Miss.1969, 230 So. 2d 63; The following have favored the rights of students: Crews v. Clones, 7th Cir.…1 / 2
Previewing 3 of 7 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited
- Ferrell v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 392 F.2d 697 (5th Cir. 1968)
- Times Publ'g Co. v. Williams, 222 So. 2d 470 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969)
- Canney v. The Bd. OF Pub. Instruction OF Alachua Cnty., 222 So. 2d 803 (Fla. 1st DCA 1969)