WILLIAM J. O'BRIEN AND ELEANOR C. O'BRIEN, HIS WIFE, APPELLANTS,
v.
GALE J. APPLE, INC., A FLORIDA CORPORATION, ET AL., APPELLEES
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The O'Briens sought injunctive relief to remove a dock constructed by their neighbors' predecessor in title, claiming it violated a restrictive covenant limiting riparian use. The trial court dismissed the suit, ruling that riparian rights cannot be restricted by private covenant because they are subject to sovereign regulation. The appellate court reversed, holding that private restrictive covenants can limit riparian uses between the parties so long as they do not enlarge rights or violate public use rights.
Private restrictive covenants may limit riparian uses and run with the land, provided such covenants do not enlarge the rights of the parties in derogation of the public's right of use or as proscribed by the sovereign. The trial court erred in dismissing the suit based on an invalid categorical rule against all private riparian restrictions.
[1] Restrictive covenants may limit riparian uses, provided they do not enlarge the rights of parties beyond what is permitted by the sovereign or in derogation of the public…
[2] Private contractual limitations on riparian use are permissible between parties and their successors in title, even if the sovereign regulates such uses.
Previewing 2 of 4 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“they may more restrictively limit these rights as between themselves so long as such limitations are not otherwise in derogation of the public's right of use.”
The court's holding that private parties can contractually limit their own riparian rights without violating public rights or sovereign authority.
Previewing 1 of 3 key quotes on this case — the court’s exact language, pinpointed for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceThe O'Briens and Murphys are neighbors in an exclusive waterfront development. Gale J. Apple, Inc., the Murphys' predecessor in title, obtained a perm…
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The Murphys and O’Briens are next door neighbors in an exclusive waterfront development. Gale J. Apple, Inc., the Murphys’ immediate predecessor in title, obtained a required permit to construct a dock on the Murphy property, which dock the O’Briens contend (and contended in their objections before the issuing authority) is in violation of a restrictive covenant limiting the riparian use of their respective properties. The dock was built notwithstanding, and this suit followed in which the O’Briens seek injunctive relief for removal of the dock and for interim damages.
A non-jury trial was held, after which the trial court “dismissed, with prejudice” the O’Briens’ suit for the reason that:
“ * * * the restrictive covenants as revised constituted an attempt by the property owners to determine rights which only the sovereign and its duly constituted officials in Pinellas County could determine and therefore said restrictive covenants as revised [are] invalid concerning provisions for the erection of docks or the limitation of the same. * * * ”
We reverse.
Obviously, the gravamen of the trial court’s ruling is that, because riparian use of the lands in question is subject to regulation and restriction by the sovereign, individual parties cannot, by contract, restrict themselves in such use. We cannot agree. While a rule of pre-emption may be sound insofar as it precludes private contractual restriction of public use of waterfront, we know of no rule, or basis therefor, which precludes private contracts that limit riparian use by the parties thereto themselves or their successors in title. They cannot, of course, enlarge their rights of use, as such rights may be proscribed by the sovereign, but they may more restrictively limit these rights as between themselves so long as such limitations are not otherwise in derogation of the public’s right of use.1 We see a clear analogy here to a case wherein a zoning restriction is further restricted by private covenant. Such private restrictions have been held enforceable as between the parties to the covenant notwithstanding the more liberal zoning restriction.2
We hold, therefore, that riparian uses may be limited by restrictive covenants running with the land; provided, however, that such covenants do not enlarge the rights of use of the parties bound thereby in derogation of the public’s right of use, or as may be proscribed by the sovereign.
Now there is nothing in the evidence in this case from which it can be found that the foregoing proviso would be applicable. Moreover, we point out that in the order dismissing this case the trial court did not make a factual determination of whether the dock in question is indeed in violation of the restrictive covenant involved. Ac*719cordingly, the cause must be remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with our holding herein.
This being necessary, we comment on a point which relates to the appropriateness, in an injunction suit, of money damages flowing from a violation of a restrictive covenant. The experienced and very able trial judge indicated some doubt that such damages were recoverable in such a suit, although he found no necessity to finally decide the question as he dismissed the suit on other grounds as we’ve noted. We are certain, however, that had he arrived at the point where he was squarely faced with deciding the issue he would have ultimately, and properly, ruled that such damages are appropriate and may be recoverable in this action, if proved.3
Reversed and remanded.
PIERCE, C. J., and HOBSON, J., concur.
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Citator
Cited By
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O'Brien v. Gale J. Apple, Inc., 274 So. 2d 245 (Fla. 2d DCA 1973)…ad and studied the briefs and listened to the able oral arguments by the parties hereto and examined the record filed herein. Likewise, we have considered once again the opinion of this court rendered in O’Brien v. Gale J. Apple, Inc., Fla.App.1971, 253 So. 2d 717, in which this court ruled upon certain facets dealing with the case sub judice. It is our judgment, considering the totality of the circumstances disclosed by the record, that the trial court did not commit reversible error and, therefore, the fin…
Authorities Cited
- Vetzel v. Howell L. Brown, 86 So. 2d 138 (Fla. 1956)
- Silver Blue Lake Apts., Inc. v. Silver Blue Lake Home Owners Ass'n, Inc., 245 So. 2d 609 (Fla. 1971)
- Baylen St. Wharf Co. v. City of Pensacola, 39 So. 2d 66 (Fla. 1949)