MARVIN EDWIN JOHNSON, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 1st DCA | 1972-11-02
No. O-155
WIGGINTON and JOHNSON, JJ., concur.
268 So. 2d 170 Florida District Court of Appeal, First District (1972) Positive Treatment
Cited by 4 cases

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Synopsis

Johnson was convicted of breaking and entering with intent to commit grand larceny based largely on circumstantial evidence of a white powdery substance on his jacket. The appellate court reversed because the trial judge improperly excluded Johnson's ability to cross-examine the investigating officer using a police report that contradicted the officer's testimony about finding the substance, violating equal protection principles established in Pitts v. State.


Holding

The court held that the trial court erred in excluding the police report and denying Johnson the opportunity to cross-examine Officer Shiver using it for impeachment purposes. Matters going to the credibility of a state's witness are cognizable impeachment material, and equal protection requires that the same rules of law apply to all defendants regardless of popularity or notoriety.


Headnotes

[1] A defendant is denied the opportunity to cross-examine a witness when the court refuses to allow the use of a police report for impeachment purposes, especially when the…

[2] A police report that omits material facts testified to by the officer authoring the report may be used to impeach the officer's credibility.

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Key Quotes

“matters going to the credibility of a state's witness are cognizable”

Establishes the court's holding that police reports may be used to impeach a witness's trial testimony regarding credibility matters

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Facts & Procedural History

Police responded to a breaking and entering at a 7-11 store on January 23, 1970, where burglars had forced a 2x3 foot hole in the roof with white buil…

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Opinion of the Court
RAWLS, Acting Chief Judge.

RAWLS, Acting Chief Judge.

Appellant, Marvin Edwin Johnson, brings this appeal from a conviction of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony, to wit: grand larceny. The pivotal point presented by this appeal is whether evidence exculpatory to Johnson was suppressed when Johnson was denied the opportunity to cross-examine Police Officer Shiver after he had testified concerning a police report Shiver had authored on his investigation of the breaking and entering.

Around 1:00 a. m. on January 23, 1970, the police were summoned to investigate a breaking and entering at a corner 7-11 Store. The burglar, or burglars, had gained entrance to the store through a 2 x 3 ft. hole they had forced in the roof of the building. At trial the State commenced to build its case by introducing *171photographs of the 7-11 and its roof which depicted a white building material substance in the area where the hole had been forced. Officer Shiver, who was the first to arrive at the scene, next testified that when he approached the store he observed a man near the store whom he ordered to “halt.” The man ignored his order and ran into a dense wooded area behind the 7-11. A search was conducted of the woods and Johnson was found hiding behind a log. Officer Shiver further testified that when Johnson was brought from the woods he observed a white powdery substance on the outer and inside sleeve of Johnson’s brown jacket and that “I feel like I know what type of substance it was.” At this juncture, defense counsel attempted to cross-examine Shiver concerning discrepancies in his court testimony and a police report of the investigation authored by him on the night of the burglary which made no mention of a white substance on Johnson’s jacket or that Shiver had upon reaching the store requested Johnson to halt.” 1 The trial judge ruled that the police report would not be received into evidence,2 and that it could not be used to impeach Shiver’s testimony as he had not used it to refresh his recollection while testifying.3

The mention of the “white powdery substance” did not end with Officer Shiver’s testimony. The State introduced a sledge hammer also found in the woods which had traces of the “white substance” on it. In closing argument to the jury, the prosecuting attorney made much “legal hay” of the white substance on Johnson’s clothing. He reminded the jury several times of Officer Shiver’s testimony concerning the “white substance” on Johnson’s jacket and pointed out that the photographs of the hole in the roof depicted a white substance. The prosecutor then stated: “. . . if he had on a brown jacket, slipped in that hole and if he had on a brown jacket, he got some of that white stuff on him as he slipped down that hole and into that storeroom . . . Marvin Johnson in his story *172explained everything except the stuff on his jacket.”

Marvin Johnson’s testimony to the jury was that he was at the 7-11 Store the night of the burglary to use the telephone to call his sister to bring him a flashlight so that he could see to short-circuit the starter to his car which he had left with his ex-wife parked some two miles away. Johnson stated that he had been out riding around with his ex-wife trying to reconcile their marriage when he parked his car to talk. Upon his inability to get the car started again he walked to the 7-11 to use the phone. As he arrived at the store he saw two men jump off the roof and run into the woods. Officer Shiver arrived almost simultaneously and Johnson, thinking Shiver to be another burglar, became frightened and ran off into the woods. Johnson denied that Officer Shiver told him to “halt.” As for the jacket, Johnson acknowledged that he had on a brown working jacket that could have had some stains on it. He denied that he had been upon the roof of the 7-11 where he would have come in contact with the “white powdery substance.” Johnson’s story was confirmed by his ex-wife.

The blocks out of which the State’s case was constructed were all circumstantial. The case for the defense rested on Johnson’s explanation of his presence at the scene and his ability to refute the State’s circumstantial evidence. The State’s version and that given by the defense of what transpired at the 7-11 Store differ substantially only in whether there was a white substance on Johnson’s jacket which could link him to the hole in the roof. Thus, the discrepancies in Officer Shiver’s in-court testimony concerning the white substance found on Johnson’s jacket and his report made on the night of the burglary which did not mention finding this substance on the jacket become of critical importance to Johnson.4 Even so, Johnson was denied use of this report at trial.

Attorney General Robert L. Shevin, in a brief signed on his behalf by his assistants, urges this court to uphold the trial court’s exclusion of the subject report and cites a number of Florida authorities, including this court’s opinion in Kimbrough v. State.5 We agree with the Attorney General that prior to Pitts v. State6 the settled jurisprudence of this State precluded the use of such a report for impeachment purposes. The Supreme Court of Florida granted certiorari in regard to this court’s opinion 7 in the Pitts matter. Mr. Shevin’s memory is apparently very short for in Pitts, as Attorney General for this State, he filed in the Supreme Court of Florida a “motion in confession of error.” In his motion the Attorney General “confessed” that the State had erred in not voluntarily providing defense counsel with a certain statement it held from a witness which might have been useful to the defense for impeachment purposes. Based solely upon Mr. Shevin’s “confession of error,” the Supreme Court vacated the opinion in State v. Pitts, supra, “without any determination on the questions of law discussed therein.” On remand, this court in an opinion authored by Judge Spector,8 stated:

“Thus, we are confronted with a most unusual juridical question. We must, of course, enter a mandate which conforms in all respects to the mandate of the Supreme Court herein. Of that there is neither doubt nor hesitancy on our part for we are a court of law. But, there *173yet remains the troublesome question resulting from the Supreme Court’s election to vacate our opinion ‘without any determination on the questions of law discussed therein.’ Can we permit our opinion to stand and thereby render the rules of law stated therein applicable to all other prisoners except these defendants? We think not. The equal protection clause of the state and federal constitutions requires that every person’s rights be determined by application of the same rule of law. We will not apply a different principle of law to an un-championed prisoner than is resultingly being applied to these defendants by virtue of the Attorney General’s motion in confession of error and the argumentation contained in the memorandum brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of the State’s motion.”

Apparently, appellant Marvin Edwin Johnson is an “unchampioned prisoner” since Mr. Shevin has taken a position in the instant case diametrically opposite to the position he urged in the Pitts case. As stated in our decision upon remand of the Pitts case:9

“. . . we adopt the rule in this jurisdiction advanced in behalf of these defendants by the Attorney General and now hold that matters going to the credibility of a state’s witness are cognizable
“The constitutional imperative of equal protection demands no less. That protection is due the unpopular as well as the popular, the prisoner who stands alone as well as those whose cause is widely celebrated.”

Reversed and remanded for a new trial.

WIGGINTON and JOHNSON, JJ., concur.


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Citator

Cited By

  • State v. Johnson, 284 So. 2d 198 (Fla. 1973)
    …DEKLE, Justice. Upon the State’s petition, writ of certio-rari issued to the First District Court of Appeal to review its opinion at 268 So. 2d 170 relating to a rather interesting question regarding attempted use of police reports in evidence and for purposes of cross examination.1 Respondent-defendant was charged with breaking and entering a 7-11 Store with intent to commit a felony. As defe…
  • Harper v. State, 677 So. 2d 72 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)
    …sult argued by appellant, albeit the state’s unexplained failure to address the case in any manner in its brief. In Johnson, the state unsuccessfully sought certiorari from the district court’s reversal and remand for new trial in Johnson v. State, 268 So. 2d 170 (Fla. 1st DCA 1972). The trial court had not made available the police report for cross-examination and the court of appeal held that to be error, with which the supreme court agreed, holding that the report should have been made available. There, a…

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