DON M. MCCRAY, APPELLANT,
v.
THE STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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McCray was acquitted of aggravated assault but convicted of possession of a firearm while committing a felony. He appealed, arguing the verdicts were legally inconsistent under Mahaun v. State. The Florida District Court of Appeal affirmed, finding no inherent inconsistency because the jury could have convicted him of possessing a firearm during an attempted (rather than completed) aggravated assault.
The verdicts are not legally inconsistent. The jury could rationally have found McCray guilty of possessing a firearm during an attempted aggravated assault while acquitting him of the completed crime, since assault requires the victim to have a well-founded fear that violence is imminent—an element that may be lacking in an attempted but not completed assault.
[1] Jury verdicts on different counts of an indictment or information are not grounds for reversal if the offenses of which the defendant was acquitted required proof of elem…
[2] A jury's acquittal on a felony charge does not necessarily require acquittal on a charge of possessing a firearm while engaged in a criminal offense if the jury could hav…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“the jury could well have found under the instructions that McCray was guilty of the Count II charge because he used a gun in the attempted commission of an aggravated assault, rather than in the completed crime”
Establishes the rational basis for reconciling the verdicts—that the jury convicted on attempted rather than completed assault
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceMcCray was charged with aggravated assault with a firearm and possession of a firearm while engaged in committing aggravated assault. The jury was ins…
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SCHWARTZ, Judge.
McCray was charged in a two count information with, respectively, aggravated assault with a firearm and possession of a firearm while engaged in a criminal offense, the aggravated assault. The jury was charged on Count I as to the offense alleged, aggravated assault, and simple assault, as a lesser included offense. Concerning Count II, the court instructed the jury, without objection and in accordance with the express terms of the applicable statute, Section 790.07(2), Florida Statutes (1975),1 that the defendant was guilty of the possession charge if “while committing or attempting to commit [the] felony of aggravated assault, [he] did display or attempted to use or display a weapon or firearm.” [e. s.] The jury found McCray not guilty as to Count I, and guilty as charged on Count II. This appeal is from the adjudication and sentence imposed on the latter count. We affirm.
We do not agree with the defendant’s primary contention on appeal, to the effect that the verdicts returned by the jury are “legally inconsistent” and that under Mahaun v. State, 377 So. 2d 1158, 1161 (Fla.1979), the acquittal as to aggravated assault must therefore result in vacating the possession conviction. Because of the contents of the jury instructions and the statutory definitions of the two offenses, we find that there is no inherent inconsistency and that Mahaun therefore does not control this case.2
In the aspect of Mahaun with which we are concerned, the supreme court held that a jury verdict that the defendant was not guilty of the felony of aggravated child abuse required her acquittal of a third degree murder charge which was necessarily based upon a finding that she had committed that felony. The supreme court reasoned that Mrs. Mahaun’s conviction for culpable negligence effectively holds her innocent of the aggravated child abuse charge. Because the aggravated child abuse felony was an essential element of the felony murder, we hold that Mrs. Mahaun cannot be guilty of third-degree felony murder. [e. s.]
377 So. 2d at 1161. It clearly appears, therefore, that Mahaun involved a situation in which it was entirely impossible to reconcile the two verdicts. This is not the case here. As has been noted, the jury could well have found under the instructions that McCray was guilty of the Count II charge because he used a gun in the attempted commission of an aggravated assault, rather than in the completed crime. On the other hand, his acquittal of the completed offenses of aggravated and simple assault under Count I is not inconsistent with such a finding. This is so because, as to those offenses, the jury may have determined that there was insufficient evidence that the alleged victim had a well-founded fear that violence was imminent, which is required to support a conviction for assault. See Motley v. State, 155 Fla. 545, 20 So. 2d 798 (1945). Indeed, the situation in which only that element is lacking — and there is, for that reason, no assault — is the very definition of attempted commission of that crime.3 As the supreme court held in State v. White, 324 So. 2d 630, 631 (Fla.1975):
The State argues for a definition of assault which does not include victim awareness, on the ground that ‘bushwhackers’ and ‘backstabbers’ would escape punishment if they were unsuccessful in their attempt to inflict injury. The Legislature did not intend to allow such acts to go unpunished, however. The general ‘attempt’ statute will reach those situations, [e. s.]
See also, Hall v. State, 354 So. 2d 914 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978); Osborn v. State, 345 So. 2d 755 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977); Irving v. State, 337 So. 2d 1014 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976), cert. denied, 348 So. 2d 953 (Fla.1977).
There is therefore a perfectly reasonable explanation, in accordance with the supposed requirements of Mahaun, for the verdicts on the respective counts: the jury found only that McCray had committed an attempted aggravated assault with a firearm.4 We thus reject the appellant’s contrary contention upon an application of the general principle “that where the verdicts ... may be explained on any rational basis, inconsistency furnishes no ground for reversal,” 76 Am.Jur.2d Trial § 1158 (1975), and the more particularized rule, which is directly applicable to this case, that
[rjeversible inconsistency will not ordinarily be held to result from contrary verdicts on the several counts of a multi-count indictment or information if the offenses of which defendant was acquitted required proof of elements different from or in addition to those of the offense for which he was convicted.
Annot., Inconsistency of Criminal Verdict As Between Different Counts of Indictment or Information, 18 A.L.R.3d 259, 291-292 (1968), and cases collected at 292-293.
Since the other point presented lacks merit and requires no discussion, the judgment and sentence under review are therefore
Affirmed.
. The subsection provides:
(2) Whoever, while committing or attempting to commit any felony . . . uses ... or attempts to use any firearm ... is guilty of a felony of the second degree.... [e. s.]
. For this reason, as in Damon v. State, 397 So. 2d 1224, note 10 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981), we eschew any extended comment upon Mahaun’s holding or possible ramifications. See, contra, Redondo v. State, 380 So. 2d 1107 (Fla. 3d DCA 1980), review granted, Fla., Case no. 59,302; Perkins, Dealing with the Inconsistent Verdict, 15 Criminal Law Bulletin 405 (1979).
.The not guilty verdict on Count I cannot be said to reflect a rejection of this conclusion since, as to that count, there was no instruction or verdict form (because there was no such request) on attempted aggravated or simple assault as lesser included offenses.
. While we suspect that what “really” happened is that, as in Redondo, supra, note 2, the jury simply pardoned McCray for the aggravated assault, which carried the three-year mandatory sentence required by § 775.087(2), we cannot act upon such an assumption. If Ma-haun means what it says, it strongly suggests that a jury is not permitted to employ its inherent pardoning power as to less than all of multiple counts in a single case, if, by doing so, it reaches “legally inconsistent” verdicts. Courts, however, must presume that the jury acted in accordance with the law, so as, if at all possible, to uphold its conclusions. Silvestri v. State, 332 So. 2d 351, 354 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976), affirmed, 340 So. 2d 928 (Fla.1976), and cases cited. In this case, that may be done only by conclusively positing that the jury engaged in the highly unlikely — but consistent and permissible — ratiocinative process which is described in the text and which forms the basis of our decision. However artificial, perhaps fictional, this approach may seem, any other would result in wholesale judicial interference with jury verdicts on the grounds of subjectively perceived improprieties. Moreover, we confess to a certain satisfaction in applying this presumption to McCray, whose argument basically is, after all, that because the jury charitably gave him the appetizer and main course, he is legally entitled to dessert and coffee. See also, Damon v. State, supra. We do not think a defendant should be heard to make such a demand, let alone receive an affirmative answer.
HENDRY, Judge,
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.
Appellant was charged with aggravated assault, and display of a firearm during the commission of a felony. He was acquitted of the felonious assault,1 but was convicted of the display defined in Section 790.07, Florida Statutes (1979):
(2) Whoever, while committing or attempting to commit any felony ... displays, uses, threatens, or attempts to use any firearm ... is guilty of a felony in the second degree....
(emphasis supplied).
Appellant was thus convicted of an offense, an essential element of which — the underlying felony — he was found innocent.
Sub judice, we are controlled by the recent Florida Supreme Court holding in Mahaun v. State, 377 So. 2d 1158 (Fla.1979). In that case, the defendant appealed from convictions for third-degree felony murder and culpable negligence (a misdemeanor), on the basis that the felony murder conviction was not supported by conviction of the underlying felony with which she had been charged — aggravated child abuse. The court agreed that the conviction could not be sustained: Because the aggravated child abuse felony was an essential element of the felony murder, we hold that Mrs. Mahaun cannot be guilty of third-degree felony murder. 377 So. 2d at 1161.
I would reverse.
. See § 784.021, Fla.Stat. (1977).
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Murrell Streeter v. State, 416 So. 2d 1203 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982)…in Counts I and II is not legally inconsistent with its finding of “possession” of a firearm during the commission of a felony in Counts III and IV. See Pitts v. State, 400 So. 2d 549 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981), review granted, (FIa.1982); McCray v. State, 397 So. 2d 1229 (Fla. 3d DCA), review granted, (Fla.1981). . Had the jury found the defendant guilty of using a weapon in Counts I and II, then we would have been required to vacate the concurrent sentences imposed on Counts III and IV under State v. Monroe, 406 S…
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Mills v. State, 407 So. 2d 218 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981)…eith v. State, 120 Fla. 847, 163 So. 136 (1935); Finch v. State, 116 Fla. 437, 156 So. 489 (1934), which, for all the jury knew, did not exist. While we are willing to indulge assumptions about what a jury may have found, see, e.g., McCray v. State, 397 So. 2d 1229 (Fla.3d DCA), review granted, Case No. 60,-667, October 5, 1981 (Fla.1981), we can only do so where both the proof and the jury instructions will support such assumptions. See State v. Jones, 377 So. 2d 1163 (Fla.1979); Robles v. State, 188 So. 2d 7…
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Pitts v. State, 425 So. 2d 542 (Fla. 1983)…y must have also found lacking an essential element of the possession charge. The district court reversed the order arresting defendant’s judgment and conviction on the possession charge based on an earlier holding by that court in McCray v. State, 397 So. 2d 1229 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981). Defendant seeks review of this decision. Defendant argues that his acquittal on the aggravated battery charge requires that his conviction on the possession charge be vacated according to the rule established by this Court in Ma…
Previewing 3 of 20 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited (12 total)
- Motley v. State, 155 Fla. 545 (Fla. 1945)
- Mahaun v. State, 377 So. 2d 1158 (Fla. 1979)
- Wodford v. State (Fla. 1st DCA 2024)
- State v. White, 324 So. 2d 630 (Fla. 1975)
- Silvestri v. State, 332 So. 2d 351 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976)
- Damon v. State, 397 So. 2d 1224 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981)
- Redondo v. State, 380 So. 2d 1107 (Fla. 3d DCA 1980)
- State v. Silvestri, 340 So. 2d 928 (Fla. 1976)
- Irving v. State, 337 So. 2d 1014 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976)
- McDONALD v. State, 345 So. 2d 755 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977)