DARRELL WAYNE TURNER, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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A judge who rules on a motion to disqualify must not pass on the truth of the facts alleged; doing so creates an adversary atmosphere and requires disqualification.
[1] A judge errs by ruling on the truthfulness of allegations in a motion to disqualify, rather than solely determining its legal sufficiency.
[2] A judge who controverts the factual allegations of a motion for disqualification creates an adversary atmosphere, establishing grounds for disqualification.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceThe appellant, convicted of burglary, moved to disqualify the trial judge, alleging prejudice based on a prior probation condition and a jury instruct…
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ALLEN, Judge.
Appealing his conviction and sentence for burglary, the appellant contends that the trial judge erred when he denied the appellant’s motion to disqualify the judge. Although the appellant’s motion was legally deficient in several respects, the judge challenged the truthfulness of the appellant’s allegations when he ruled on the motion and thereby committed reversible error. Although the appellant had appointed counsel, his motion to disqualify the trial judge was filed pro se. In the motion, he requested permission to serve as his own co-counsel for purposes of the motion. By entertaining the motion on the merits, the judge implicitly granted this request.
The motion recited various bases for the .appellant’s purported belief that the judge was prejudiced against him. Among them was an assertion that the judge had once placed the appellant on probation and, as a condition thereof, had ordered him to “stay away from politics.” It was also asserted that during an earlier trial, the judge’s instructions to the jury included the statement, “[ijt’s a shame when a man breaks the law.”
Before denying the motion to disqualify, the judge made several remarks relating to the assertions contained therein. In response to the appellant’s assertion regard ing the alleged condition of probation, the judge said:
[T]his is absolute idiocy_ I have never — I can’t imagine — I have never in my life imposed any — sentence [sic] someone to stay away from politics. That’s not something I am concerned with. I don’t care about politics. It’s irrelevant to me. If you have got some proof of this, fine. If you have got a transcript — if you have got something in any probation order, fine.
As to the assertion regarding the comment to the jury, the judge said:
If you have got some evidence that I said such a thing as that, if you have some attorney to come in, say I said such a thing of that — I have never said such a thing, but you have no evidence of it. It’s just a mere allegation.... That’s so preposterous I won’t comment further on that.
In stating his reasons for denying the motion, the judge said:
I previously denied this motion for recusal for reason it’s nonsense, it does not amount to anything. There’s nothing in here that’s proven....
The appellant acknowledges that his motion failed to meet the requirements of Rule 3.230, Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure. It was not accompanied by the affidavits required by 3.230(b), and it was untimely under 3.230(c). The judge might have denied the motion as legally insufficient for either of these reasons. He might have simply declined to entertain the motion because the appellant was represented by counsel. See Davis v. State, 586 So. 2d 1038, 1041 (Fla.1991) (“A criminal defendant does not simultaneously enjoy a right to assistance of counsel and the right to represent himself.... When the accused is represented by counsel, the privilege of addressing the court is a matter for the court’s discretion.”). See also State v. Tait, 387 So. 2d 338 (Fla.1980). Overlooking all of these threshold procedural problems, the judge entertained the motion and decided it upon the merits.
Even if he had decided the motion on one or more of the above bases, his remarks would still have made his disqualification necessary. In Bundy v. Rudd, 366 So. 2d 440 (Fla.1978), the trial judge had denied a motion for his disqualification because of its legal insufficiency, but he went on to explain and controvert the allegations of the motion. In directing the disqualification of the judge on appeal, the supreme court observed:
Regardless of whether respondent ruled correctly in denying the motion for disqualification as legally insufficient, our rules clearly provide, and we have repeatedly held, that a judge who is presented with a motion for his disqualification “shall not pass on the truth of the facts alleged nor adjudicate the question of disqualification.” Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.230(d) [additional citations omitted]. When a judge has looked beyond the mere legal sufficiency of a suggestion of prejudice and attempted to refute the charges of partiality, he has then exceeded the proper scope of his inquiry and on that basis alone established grounds for his disqualification. Our disqualification rule, which limits the trial judge to a bare determination of legal sufficiency, was expressly designed to prevent what occurred in this case — the creation of “an intolerable adversary atmosphere” between the trial judge and the litigant, [citation omitted].
Bundy, 366 So. 2d at 442. See also MacKenzie v. Super Kids Bargain Store, Inc., 565 So. 2d 1332, 1339 (Fla.1990); Stewart v. Douglas, 597 So. 2d 381 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992). Like the judge in Bundy, the judge here went beyond the question of the legal sufficiency of the appellant’s motion. By denying the truthfulness of the allegations in the motion and challenging the appellant’s ability to prove them, the judge created an adversary atmosphere. Having done so, he was required to disqualify himself.
The judgment and sentence are reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial before a different judge.
JOANOS, C.J., and ERVIN, J., concur.
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Ault v. State, 53 So. 3d 175 (Fla. 2010)…see Knarich v. State 866 So. 2d 165, 167 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (noting that where counsel refused to endorse a pro se motion to disqualify the judge, the trial court permitted defendant to act as co-counsel for purposes of the motion); Turner v. State, 598 So. 2d 186, 186 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (“Although the appellant had appointed counsel, his motion to disqualify the trial judge was filed pro se. In the motion, he requested permission to serve as his own co-counsel for purposes of the motion. By entertaining the…
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Knarich v. State, 866 So. 2d 165 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)…ication.” Id. Although the State contends on appeal that the trial judge could have ruled the motion untimely and legally insufficient, the trial judge did not do so, and even if he had, disqualification would still be required. In Turner v. State, 598 So. 2d 186 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), the trial court considered a motion to disqualify on the merits, and the First District pointed out that even if the trial court had decided the motion was legally insufficient, “his remarks would still have made his disqualific…
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Randolph v. State, 626 So. 2d 1006 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993)…judge. The trial judge denied the motion to recuse without comment, and Randolph does not dispute the state’s assertion that the motion was legally insufficient. The judge did not create an “adversary atmosphere” with Randolph. Cf. Turner v. State, 598 So. 2d 186, 187 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) (judge denied truthfulness of allegations and challenged defendant to prove them). Thus, we affirm the denial of the motion to recuse. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. DANAHY, A.C.J., and HALL, J., concur.…
Previewing 3 of 4 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited
- Honorable Mary Ann MacKENZIE v. Super Kids Bargain Store, Inc., 565 So. 2d 1332 (Fla. 1990)
- THE Florida BAR v. Sanford Freed, 366 So. 2d 440 (Fla. 1978)
- State v. Tait, 387 So. 2d 338 (Fla. 1980)
- Davis v. State, 586 So. 2d 1038 (Fla. 1991)
- Stewart v. Judge E. Vernon Douglas, 597 So. 2d 381 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992)