JOHN EDWARD BOGGS, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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John Edward Boggs appeals his second death sentence for two counts of first-degree murder and related charges. The Florida Supreme Court reverses and remands for a new trial, finding that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to conduct individual voir dire of prospective jurors who had been exposed to prejudicial pretrial publicity and had formed opinions about Boggs' guilt.
Yes. The trial court abused its discretion by refusing to conduct individual voir dire of the three prospective jurors who had read newspaper articles with prejudicial information and had formed opinions about Boggs' guilt. Individual voir dire was compelled by the particular facts of this case, including the timing and content of the publicity and the prospective jurors' admissions that they had formed opinions about Boggs' guilt.
[1] A trial court abuses its discretion by denying a motion for individual sequestered voir dire when pretrial publicity is substantial and prejudicial, and prospective juror…
[2] When prospective jurors admit to forming opinions based on pretrial publicity, individual voir dire is compelled to determine the extent of their knowledge and their abil…
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“The purpose of conducting voir dire is to secure an impartial jury.”
Establishes the fundamental objective of voir dire examination in capital cases.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceBoggs was tried a second time after his first conviction and death sentence were reversed due to improper competency determination. Before the retrial…
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PER CURIAM.
We have on appeal the judgment and sentence of the trial court imposing the death penalty upon John Edward Boggs. We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. This is Boggs’ second trial on the charges of two counts of first-degree murder, one count of attempted first-degree murder, and one count of burglary with a firearm.1 In the first trial, Boggs was convicted of the charges, and the jury recommended death on each count of first-degree murder. On appeal to this Court, we reversed, finding that the trial court erred in not conducting a proper competency determination under Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 3.210 and 3.211. Boggs v. State, 575 So. 2d 1274 (Fla.1991).
After Boggs was determined competent to stand trial, the second trial began in early 1994. The defense presented no case, and the jury found Boggs guilty as charged. After a penalty-phase hearing, the jury recommended death by a vote of eight to four. The judge followed this recommendation and sentenced Boggs to death on both murder counts.
On appeal to this Court, Boggs raises sixteen points of error. However, because we find that the trial court abused its discretion with regard to how it conducted voir dire, we must reverse Boggs’ conviction and death sentence and remand this cause for a new trial. Consequently, the remaining issues on appeal are moot, and we will not address them.
Prior to the retrial, there was substantial publicity about the case in newspaper articles read by members of the venire. These articles highlighted prejudicial and inadmissible information to Boggs’ retrial. The Tampa Tribune ran an article on the front page with the headline, “Murder suspect: acting or insane?” The article detailed the procedural history of the case, including the fact that Boggs had previously been convicted and sentenced to death for this crime. The article further explained that Boggs had not only been found competent to stand trial, but that the court expressly found that he was malingering.2 Also, the article contained statements from the prosecutor reporting that the prosecutor believed Boggs was faking mental illness. Additionally, The St. Petersburg Times ran a front-page article about the trial on the morning of the day voir dire began which contained similar information about both the procedural and factual history of the case and a statement made by the judge presiding over the retrial that he believed that Boggs was faking mental illness to avoid execution.3 Nevertheless, the trial court decided that it would not alter its procedure of conducting voir dire in groups. In order to determine the effect of the pretrial publicity, the trial court asked each potential juror several questions in the presence of the venire. First, the court asked if the juror had read or heard anything about the case prior to trial. If the answer was “yes,” the court next asked the juror if, regardless of that information, the juror had reached a tentative decision as to the defendant’s guilt. If the answer again was “yes,” the court continued and asked if, regardless of the decision, the juror was willing and able to render a verdict based entirely upon the evidence presented, even if the verdict was contrary to the juror’s present feelings.
This inquiry revealed that six of the first thirteen prospective jurors had read or heard something about the case prior to the retrial, and five had formed some opinion as to Boggs’ guilt. Three of those five stated that they would be able to set aside their opinions and base a verdict solely on the evidence presented at trial. One of these three, who had read one of the newspaper articles and had formed an opinion, worked in the communications division of the Pasco County Sheriffs Office and knew by name or knew personally all of the officers named as potential witnesses in the case. The remaining two jurors of the five who had formed opinions as to Boggs’ guilt were equivocal as to whether they could render a verdict solely on the evidence presented at trial. Prospective juror Johnson, who worked near the scene of the crime at the time of the crime, stated that it would be difficult to render an unbiased verdict based solely and entirely upon the evidence presented in the courtroom. She further stated that she was unsure if she could put aside her present feeling about Boggs’ guilt and base a verdict solely and entirely upon the evidence. Similarly, prospective juror Erbe also read about the case in the newspaper and had formed an opinion as to Boggs’ guilt. At the time of trial, Erbe was divorcing her husband, who was a Hills-borough County Sheriffs deputy and had a daughter who was a Tampa police dispatcher. Even though the prospective juror said she would try not to let those relationships affect her feelings toward police officers in general, when asked if she could base her verdict solely on the evidence presented, she responded that she “would certainly try.”
Defense counsel moved for more extensive voir dire to determine the extent of the jurors’ knowledge about the case, but the court denied the motion. Counsel then moved to excuse these three prospective jurors for cause. When the trial court denied the motion, counsel used a peremptory challenge to excuse Johnson. Next, counsel specifically requested individual sequestered voir dire of the remaining jurors who had read about the case,4 but the court denied the motion. As a result, counsel was forced to exercise peremptory challenges to excuse the remaining jurors who had read about the case and had formed an opinion as to Boggs’ guilt, including juror Erbe and the prospective juror who was employed by the Pasco County Sheriffs Office.
The purpose of conducting voir dire is to secure an impartial jury. See Davis v. State, 461 So. 2d 67 (Fla.1984), cert. denied, 473 U.S. 913, 105 S.Ct. 3540, 87 L.Ed.2d 663 (1985). To this end, the trial court has broad discretion in deciding if prospective jurors must be questioned individually about publicity the case may have received. See Johnson v. State, 608 So. 2d 4 (Fla.1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 919, 113 S.Ct. 2366, 124 L.Ed.2d 273 (1993); Pietri v. State, 644 So. 2d 1347 (Fla.1994), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 2588, 132 L.Ed.2d 836 (1995). Additionally, the United States Supreme Court has held that individual voir dire to determine juror impartiality in the face of pretrial publicity is constitutionally compelled only if the trial court’s failure to ask these questions renders the trial fundamentally unfair. See Mu’Min v. Virginia, 500 U.S. 415, 111 S.Ct. 1899, 114 L.Ed.2d 493 (1991).
In this case, because of the timing and the content of the newspaper articles and the statements made by these prospective jurors that they had read newspaper articles and had formed opinions about the ease, individual voir dire examination of these prospective jurors was compelled. Through individual voir dire, the trial court could have determined the extent of the prospective jurors’ knowledge of the newspaper articles and evaluated whether their preformed opinions could be set aside. This procedure would have also protected the remainder of the venire from any potential contamination resulting from this questioning. Given the particular facts of this case, including the fact that several jurors had read these newspaper articles and formed opinions as to the defendant’s guilt, we find that the trial court abused its discretion by not allowing further individual inquiry of the two prospective jurors who could not unequivocally state that they could not set aside their preformed opinion as to Boggs’ guilt and base a verdict solely on the evidence presented, and of the prospective juror who worked for the same sheriffs office that investigated the case and stated that he had formed a tentative opinion as to Boggs’ guilt.5
The State relies on Pietri v. State, 644 So. 2d 1347 (Fla.1994), to show that the conviction should be affirmed because no juror who had formed an opinion actually sat on the jury. However, Pietri is distinguishable because in that case, the trial judge readily excused prospective jurors who had heard about the ease and formed an opinion. This is unlike the instant case because the defendant here was forced to use peremptory challenges to dismiss jurors who had formed opinions about the case, even those who were equivocal as to whether they could set aside those opinions and base a verdict solely on the evidence presented. In fact, after defense counsel exhausted all of his peremptory challenges, he requested more and specified four jurors he would excuse if granted more peremptories. However, the trial court denied the request. Thus, because the trial court forced Boggs to use peremptory challenges on these three jurors without knowing the extent of their knowledge about the case and the bases for their opinions and the trial court denied Boggs the use of additional peremptories after his peremptories were exhausted, this error was not harmless.6 Cf. Reilly v. State, 557 So. 2d 1365 (Fla.1990) (holding that trial court’s failure to remove juror for cause who knew about defendant’s suppressed confession was not harmless error given that defense counsel had to excuse that juror with a peremptory challenge and defense counsel’s request for additional peremptory challenges to excuse three jurors after he had exhausted his other perempto-ries was denied).
As stated previously, the other points raised by Boggs are moot. We do though specifically point out that it will be necessary for the trial court to determine before the next trial that Boggs is competent to proceed. This determination is to be made in accord with Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 3.210, 3.211, and 3.212. Accordingly, we reverse the conviction and sentence and remand the ease for a new trial.
It is so ordered.
GRIMES, C.J., and OVERTON, SHAW, KOGAN, HARDING, WELLS and ANSTEAD, JJ., concur. . The grand jury initially returned an indictment on one count of first-degree murder, two counts of attempted first-degree murder, and one count of burglary with a firearm. One of the attempted first-degree murder counts was later amended to first-degree murder after one of the victims died.
. The article highlighted this quote from the competency order issued by Judge Wayne Cobb: “[John Boggs] has apparently concluded that the only way he can escape some rather severe temporal punishment is to feign insanity, and up to now, it has been working wonderfully.”
.This statement came after a 1991 hearing to determine Boggs' competency. The judge who presided over the retrial also presided over that hearing. While the judge declared Boggs mentally incompetent because he could not or would not help his attorneys prepare a defense for retrial, the article reported that the judge stated that he believed Boggs was faking mental illness to avoid execution.
. The State used a peremptory challenge to excuse one of the jurors who had read about the case and had formed an opinion but stated that he could set that opinion aside.
. We recognize and reiterate the standard that the mere fact that a juror is exposed to pretrial publicity is not enough to raise the presumption of unfairness. See Bundy v. State, 471 So. 2d 9, 19 (Fla.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 894, 107 S.Ct. 295, 93 L.Ed.2d 269 (1986). "It is sufficient if the juror can lay aside his or her opinion or impression and render a verdict based on the evidence at trial." Id. at 20. However, in certain instances, we have recognized that a juror who responds with the appropriate responses to questions about whether the juror is impartial may be subject to removal for cause. Cf. Reilly v. State, 557 So. 2d 1365 (Fla.1990) (holding that it was error for trial court to not excuse a juror for cause who was aware that defendant had given a confession which was suppressed, even though juror stated that he could be an impartial juror). Thus, even though prospective juror Smith stated that despite his opinion he could base a decision solely on Ae evidence presented, Ae fact Aat he had formed an opinion and worked for Ae sheriff's department required Ae trial court to allow further inquiry into Ae basis and extent of his opinion.
. This case is also dissimilar to Castro v. State, 644 So. 2d 987 (Fla.1994). In Castro, Ae defendant claimed Aat because of pretrial publicity, Ae court should have removed several jurors for cause. The defendant had to excuse Aese jurors wiA peremptory challenges. Eventually, Ae defendant exhausted his peremptories, and the juty consisted of two jurors who had read about Ae case. Castro is distinguishable because Aere, the court conducted individual voir dire of each prospective juror. Also, no juror who had read about Ae case in Castro had formed an opinion about Ae case.
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Singleton v. State, 783 So. 2d 970 (Fla. 2001)…indicates that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying cause challenges for these jurors. To ensure that the jury was fair and impartial in this highly publicized case, the trial judge, in accord with our decision in Boggs v. State, 667 So. 2d 765 (Fla.1996), conducted individual voir dire to determine each juror’s exposure to pretrial publicity and their knowledge of Singleton’s prior crimes and any resulting bias.7 Although this Court has not held that a juror’s knowledge of a case or of a…
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Keydrick Jordan v. State, 694 So. 2d 708 (Fla. 1997)…rina v. State, 680 So. 2d 392, 396 n. 2 (Fla.1996); Davis v. State, 461 So. 2d 67, 69 (Fla.1984). Many of our cases addressing the need for individual and sequestered voir dire arise in cases with extensive pre-trial publicity. E.g., Boggs v. State, 667 So. 2d 765 (Fla.1996). To the extent that Jordan’s claim regards pre-trial publicity, our review of the record indicates that the prosecutor was keenly aware of the problems pre-trial publicity could cause during voir dire. For example, the following exchange…
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Bolin v. State, 736 So. 2d 1160 (Fla. 1999)…e. Bundy v. State, 471 So. 2d 9, 19 (Fla.1985). A prospective juror is presumed impartial if he or she can set aside a preformed opinion or impression and return a verdict based on evidence presented in court. Id. at 20. However, in Boggs v. State, 667 So. 2d 765 (Fla.1996), decided eight months before the instant trial, we held that another Pasco County trial court erred during a highly publicized trial in refusing to allow individual and sequestered voir dire of three venirepersons who were equivocal as to…
Previewing 3 of 7 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited (12 total)
- Bundy v. State, 471 So. 2d 9 (Fla. 1985)
- Davis v. State, 461 So. 2d 67 (Fla. 1984)
- Mu'min v. Virginia, 500 U.S. 415 (U.S. 1991)
- Johnson v. State, 608 So. 2d 4 (Fla. 1992)
- Gonzalez-Mares v. United States, 473 U.S. 913 (U.S. 1985)
- Bundy v. Florida, 479 U.S. 894 (U.S. 1986)
- Castro v. State, 644 So. 2d 987 (Fla. 1994)
- Norberto Pietri v. State, 644 So. 2d 1347 (Fla. 1994)
- Reilly v. State, 557 So. 2d 1365 (Fla. 1990)
- Wimbish v. United States, 508 U.S. 919 (U.S. 1993)