CHRISTOPHER MERRITT, PETITIONER,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, RESPONDENT

Fla. | 1998-05-28
No. 90557
KOGAN, C.J., OVERTON, SHAW, HARDING and ANSTEAD, JJ., and GRIMES, Senior Justice, concur.
712 So. 2d 384 Florida Supreme Court (1998) Negative Treatment
Cited by 66 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.


Holding

The court held that Florida Statute § 784.07, an enhancement statute, does not create the offenses of attempted battery or attempted aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer.


Headnotes

[1] A statute that enhances penalties for certain offenses committed against law enforcement officers does not create new offenses for attempts of those enumerated crimes.

[2] Attempted battery or attempted aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer are nonexistent offenses when the relevant enhancement statute does not specifically includ…

Previewing 2 of 4 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Facts & Procedural History

Christopher Merritt was convicted of attempted battery of a law enforcement officer. The Fifth District Court of Appeal affirmed, but certified confli…

The full statement of facts, procedural history, and disposition for this case are member content.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

© FLexlaw, Inc. — AI-generated enrichments are proprietary. All rights reserved.


Opinion of the Court
WELLS, Justice.

WELLS, Justice.

We have for review Merritt v. State, 691 So. 2d 62 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997), which certified conflict with Fredericks v. State, 675 So. 2d 989 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996). We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. Const. We quash the decision of the Fifth District Court of Appeal in this case and approve the decision of the First District Court of Appeal in Fredericks.

Christopher Merritt kicked at a police officer without making contact after the officer attempted to arrest Merritt for striking a woman. Merritt was charged with and convicted of, inter alia, attempted battery of a law enforcement officer.1 The trial court denied Merritt’s motion for a new trial, which was based on the ground that attempted battery of a law enforcement officer is a nonexistent felony.

On appeal, Merritt argued that the offense of attempted battery of a law enforcement officer does not exist. The Fifth District affirmed the conviction, reasoning that the general attempt statute, section 777.04, Florida Statutes (1995), applies to the offense of battery of a law enforcement officer. Merritt. The Fifth District certified conflict with the decision of the First District in Freder-icks.

In Fredericks, the appellant was charged with aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer under section 784.07(2)(c), Florida Statutes (1995), after he raised a knife and took a step toward an officer who had responded to a 911 call involving a domestic disturbance. Fredericks, 675 So. 2d at 990. The appellant was convicted of the lesser offense of attempted aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer. Id. at 989-90. The First District reversed and remanded for a new trial, holding that section 784.07(2), Florida Statutes (1995), which enhances the penalty for aggravated assault when it is inflicted on a law enforcement officer, does not specify an offense labeled attempted aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer, and therefore, the offense does not exist. Id. at 990.

Merritt argues here that the First District’s reasoning in Fredericks applies to this case, and thus we should find that the absence of the offense of attempted battery of a law enforcement officer from the language of section 784.07(2) indicates that the offense does not exist. We agree that section 784.07(2), Florida Statutes (1995), does not include the offenses of attempted battery or attempted aggravated assault. Thus, neither attempted battery nor attempted aggravated assault can be reclassified based upon section 784.07(2).

Section 784.07, Florida Statutes (1995), is an enhancement statute rather than a statute creating and defining any criminal offense. The plain language of the statute indicates that the legislature enacted section 784.07 in order to increase the penalties for the enumerated crimes of assault, aggravated assault, battery, and aggravated battery for offenders who commit these crimes upon law enforcement officers. At the time the enhancement statute was enacted, the legislature had created the four enumerated offenses in other statutory provisions.2 The enhancement statute contains no enhancement or reclassification of penalties for the offense of attempted commission of the enumerated offenses; therefore, attempted assault and attempted battery as well as attempted aggravated assault and battery of a law enforcement officer are nonexistent offenses. See Fredericks, 675 So. 2d at 990. This conclusion is in accord with our decision in State v. Crumley, 512 So. 2d 183 (Fla.1987). In. Crumley, we approved in a double-jeopardy context the First District’s construction of section 784.07 that “by enacting the enhancement statute, section 784.07, the legislature merely provided for a felony punishment when the victim [of one of the enumerated offenses] is a law enforcement officer.” Crumley v. State, 489 So. 2d 112, 114 (Fla. 1st DCA1986).

Accordingly, we quash Merritt and approve Fredericks to the extent that it is consistent with this opinion. In this' case, Merritt was convicted of violating section 777.04, Florida Statutes (1995) (attempt), and section 784.03(1), Florida Statutes (1995) (battery). Therefore, we remand with directions that Merritt be resentenced for the offense of -attempted battery without felony reclassification based upon' section 784.07(2)(b), Florida Statutes (1995) (battery of a law enforcement officer).

It is so ordered.

KOGAN, C.J., OVERTON, SHAW, HARDING and ANSTEAD, JJ., and GRIMES, Senior Justice, concur. . Merrill was convicted pursuant to: section 777.04, Florida Statutes (1995), which defines the offense of attempt as attempting "to commit an offense prohibited by law”; section 784.03(1), Florida Statues (1995), which provides that the offense of battery occurs when a person "(a) Actually and intentionally touches or strikes another person against the will of the other; or (b) Intentionally causes bodily harm to an individual”; and section 784.07(2), Florida Statutes (1995), which provides in relevant part:

Whenever any person is charged with knowingly committing an assault or battery upon a law enforcement officer ... while the officer ... is engaged in the lawful performance of his duties, the offense for which .the person is charged shall be reclassified as follows:
(b) In the case of battery, from a misdemeanor of the first degree to a felony of the third degree.

. Section 784.011(1), Florida Statutes (1995), defines assault as “an intentional, unlawful threat by word or act to do violence to the person of another, coupled with an apparent ability to do so, and doing some act which creates a well-founded fear in such other person that such violence is imminent.”

Section 784.021(1), Florida Statutes (1995), defines aggravated assault as an assault “(a) With a deadly weapon without intent to kill; or (b) With an intent to commit a felony.”

Section 784.03(1), Florida Statutes (1995), provides that “A person commits battery if he: (a) Actually and intentionally touches or strikes another person against the will of the other; or (b) Intentionally causes bodily harm to an individual.”

Section 784.045(l)(a), Florida Statutes (1995), provides: "A person commits aggravated battery who, in committing battery: 1. Intentionally or knowingly causes great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement; or 2. Uses a deadly weapon.”


Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus


Citator

Cited By (32 total)

  • State v. Barnum, 921 So. 2d 513 (Fla. 2005)
    …),' but refused to classify section 784.07(3) of the Florida Statutes (1993) as either a substantive offense or a sentencing enhancement. See Thompson, 695 So. 2d at 693. Contrary to the State’s position, this Court’s decisions in Merritt v. State, 712 So. 2d 384 (Fla.1998), and Mills v. State, 822 So. 2d 1284 (Fla.2002), did not modify the Thompson holding, and the decision in Thompson remains valid, unaltered controlling authority today. In Merritt, this Court held that attempted assault, attempted battery…
  • Gayson Mills v. State, 822 So. 2d 1284 (Fla. 2002)
    …entence. See Mills v. State, 773 So. 2d 650 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000). In rejecting Mill’s argument that his habitual felony offender1 sentence violated double jeopardy, the majority declined to find controlling this Court’s statement in Merritt v. State, 712 So. 2d 384, 385 (Fla. [*1286] 1998), that the statute for battery on a law enforcement officer is an enhancement statute, classifying such as “dicta.” The dissent opined that Merritt precluded a habitual felony offender sentence, because battery on a law enfor…
  • Moore v. State, 924 So. 2d 840 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006)
    …l other issues. Moore entered a negotiated guilty plea to various offenses, including attempted aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer. Attempted aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer is not a crime in Florida. Merritt v. State, 712 So. 2d 384 (Fla.1998). A conviction for a non-existent crime is fundamental error that can be raised at any time, even if the error was “invited” by acceptance of a negotiated plea or by a request for jury instructions. Mundell v. State, 739 So. 2d 1201 (Fla.…

Previewing 3 of 32 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Authorities Cited

Full citator, related cases, and AI research tools

Open in FLexlaw