STACY LEE WATTS, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 2d DCA | 2001-03-16
No. 2D00-683
PATTERSON, C.J., THREADGILL, PARKER, ALTENBERND, BLUE, FULMER, WHATLEY, NORTHCUTT, GREEN, CASANUEVA, SALCINES, STRINGER, and SILBERMAN, JJ„ concur.
788 So. 2d 1040 Florida District Court of Appeal, Second District (2001) Positive Treatment
Cited by 23 cases

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Synopsis

Stacy Lee Watts was convicted of drug possession after police officers discovered cocaine and marijuana during a consensual search. The appellate court affirmed the conviction, holding that officers need not have reasonable suspicion before requesting consent to search during a lawful consensual encounter.


Holding

The court held that an officer need not have reasonable or founded suspicion before requesting consent to search during a consensual encounter, as such a request does not constitute a seizure requiring Fourth Amendment justification. The court also held that Watts' consent was voluntary based on the totality of circumstances, including the officers' casual tone, failure to display weapons, and failure to block Watts' ability to leave.


Headnotes

[1] A consensual encounter between law enforcement and an individual does not transform into a stop when officers, after indicating the individual is free to go, ask for cons…

[2] A trial court's determination regarding the voluntariness of consent to search should not be overturned unless clearly erroneous.

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Key Quotes

“Watts was still free to go at this point and the encounter remained consensual.”

Establishes that the officer's request for consent to search did not transform the consensual encounter into a seizure.

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Facts & Procedural History

Fort Myers police officers observed Watts walking from a high drug area toward a drug house at approximately 7:00 p.m. The officers approached Watts w…

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Opinion of the Court
DAVIS, Judge.

DAVIS, Judge.

Stacy Lee Watts challenges his convictions for possession of cocaine and marijuana, arguing that the trial court should have suppressed the drugs that officers discovered on his person after they approached him on the street. We affirm.

At the suppression hearing, Fort Myers police officers testified that they were traveling northbound on Marsh Avenue about 7:00 p.m. when they saw Watts walking down the sidewalk. He was walking from a “high drug area” toward a “drug house.” The officers pulled their patrol car over, without blocking Watts’ way, and asked Watts if he would talk with them. The officers admitted that they had not seen Watts commit any illegal activity and saw no indication that Watts possessed a weapon. As Watts walked up to the patrol car, the officers exited the patrol car and asked Watts if they could ask him some questions about drug activity in the area. Watts replied that although it might appear that he had been at the drug house, he was carrying an empty can because he did not want to litter. One of the officers then asked Watts for identification, which he provided. The officer ran a warrants check on Watts, which was negative, handed Watts’ identification back to him, and indicated he was free to go. However, as Watts began to leave, the officer asked if he could search him. Watts replied, “sure.” As the officer began searching Watts’ back pockets, Watts turned around to face him, saying that he had marijuana in his front pocket.

The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the initial stop was a lawful consensual encounter. Watts maintains, however, that the consensual encounter was transformed into a stop when the officer, having already indicated that Watts was free to go, asked Watts for consent to search. We are not persuaded. Watts was still free to go at this point and the encounter remained consensual. See Pierre v. State, 732 So. 2d 376, 378 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) (citing State v. Albritton, 664 So. 2d 1049 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995)).

Although Watts admits that he consented to the search, he maintains that his consent was not voluntary but rather was in acquiescence to the officer’s apparent authority. Watts further argues that even if his consent was voluntary, the search was invalid because the officers did not have a founded suspicion to request consent to search.

Turning first to the voluntariness of Watts’ consent, we note that the trial court found that the consent was valid, quoting verbatim from head note five in State v. Albritton, 664 So. 2d 1049 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995), which states:

Defendant’s consent to search was voluntary under totality of circumstances after officers, while remaining in their patrol car, asked defendant why he was [in] resident-only drug enforcement zone and asked consent to search him for narcotics or weapons; officers’ tone was casual, patrol car did not in any way block defendant’s ability to move, officers never displayed weapon or told defendant that he was not free to leave, and officers never touched defendant before search.

Id. at 1050 (citations omitted).

The record supports the trial court’s conclusion. Although Watts testified that one of the officers jumped in front of him and the other one stood behind him, asking if he had any drugs or weapons, the officers testified otherwise, stating that as Watts was walking away, one of them asked him if they could search him. Watts did not testify that either of the officers threatened him. See Dunbar v. State, 592 So. 2d 1230 (Fla. 2d DCA 1992). Neither did Watts testify that either of the officers used threatening words or a threatening tone of voice. In fact, Watts testified that he did not recall the tone they used in speaking to him. An appellate court “should not overturn a trial court’s decision regarding consent unless the decision is clearly erroneous.” Davis v. State, 594 So. 2d 264, 266 (Fla.1992). Based upon this record, we cannot say that the trial judge’s conclusion was clearly erroneous. We, therefore, accept the trial court’s determination that Watts’ consent was voluntary.

The remaining issue, whether an officer must have a founded or reasonable suspicion of criminal activity or a reasonable belief that the defendant is armed before he or she requests consent to search, is more troublesome. This court has issued divergent opinions on this question. In 1995, we issued State v. Albritton, 664 So. 2d 1049 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995), where we stated:

The trial court’s statement that the officers were required to have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before seeking consent to search is incorrect. The Fourth Amendment requires that searches and seizures be founded upon an objective justification. Where, however, no seizure takes place, the constitutional safeguards are not invoked. There was no seizure in the instant case. The officers were not required to have objective justification, or reasonable suspicion, before requesting consent to search.

Id. at 1051 (citations omitted).

However, in 2000, we issued McElwain v. State, 777 So. 2d 987 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000), in which we held that where the officers lacked a founded suspicion of criminal activity and had no reason to believe that the defendant was armed, the officers were not justified in conducting a pat-down search of the defendant, even though he consented to the search. As support for that position, the McElwain decision cites to this court’s opinion in Cubby v. State, 707 So. 2d 351 (Fla. 2d DCA) review denied, 717 So. 2d 538 (Fla.1998). While the facts in Cubby would certainly appear to implicate the issue of consent, the majority opinion in Cubby makes no mention of consent at all. That issue is only raised by the dissent. Neither was consent an issue in the cases Cubby cites for support. Because we cannot discern whether Cubby considered the consent issue, we are not certain whether Cubby conflicts with Al-britton. However, we are persuaded by the reasoning presented in Albritton that an officer’s request for consent to search is not a seizure and, therefore, does not require objective justification.

Accordingly, in resolving the divergence of opinion between McElwain and Albritton, we elect to follow Albritton and hold that an officer need not have a rea sonable or founded suspicion of criminal activity before seeking consent to search. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Watts’ motion to suppress the evidence on the basis of Albritton, and we recede from McElwain and Cubby to the extent that they conflict with Albritton.

Affirmed.

PATTERSON, C.J., THREADGILL, PARKER, ALTENBERND, BLUE, FULMER, WHATLEY, NORTHCUTT, GREEN, CASANUEVA, SALCINES, STRINGER, and SILBERMAN, JJ„ concur.


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Citator

Cited By (12 total)

  • Golphin v. State, 945 So. 2d 1174 (Fla. 2006)
    …that the Second District has determined that a brief retention of identification for the purpose of conducting a warrants check constitutes a consensual encounter whereas the Fourth District has determined it is a seizure; comparing Watts v. State, 788 So. 2d 1040 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001) (en banc); State v. Mitchell, 638 So. 2d 1015 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994); and McLane v. Rose, 537 So. 2d 652 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989), with Baez and Perko), notice invoking discretionary jurisdiction filed, No. SC04-2149 (Fla. Nov. 5, 2004). Th…
  • COX v. State, 975 So. 2d 1163 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008)
    …hicle during a legal traffic stop. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). The officer need not have an objective justification or reasonable suspicion to ask for consent to search. See Watts v. State, 788 So. 2d 1040, 1042-43 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). To validate a warrantless search, the State must show that the search falls within a constitutional exception, one of which is voluntary consent. See Hicks v. State, 852 So. 2d 954, 960 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003). Consent must…
  • Madison Mays v. State, 887 So. 2d 402 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)
    …nd search incident to arrest. This court has repeatedly held that an encounter in which a police officer briefly retains a driver’s license in order to run a warrants check constitutes a consensual encounter as opposed to a stop. See Watts v. State, 788 So. 2d 1040 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001) (en banc); Mitchell, 638 So. 2d 1015; McLane v. Rose, 537 So. 2d 652 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989).2 However, in Baez, 814 So. 2d 1149, the Fourth District has come to a contrary conclusion. [*404] See also Perko v. State, 874 So. 2d 666 (Fl…

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