WANDA KEARNEY, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE

Fla. 4th DCA | 2003-05-28
No. 4D02-1185
GUNTHER, TAYLOR, JJ., and TOBIN, VICTOR, Associate Judge, concur.
846 So. 2d 618 Florida District Court of Appeal, Fourth District (2003) Positive Treatment
Cited by 9 cases

AI-generated. These summaries, headnotes, and key points are machine-generated and may contain errors or omissions. Always verify against the full opinion text below. Not legal advice.

Synopsis

Wanda Kearney was convicted of perjury after being acquitted of unlawful interception charges. The Fourth District reversed her perjury conviction because the prosecutor improperly commented during closing argument on her Fifth and Fourth Amendment rights, and harmless error analysis indicated the comments likely influenced the jury verdict on the perjury charge.


Holding

The prosecutor's closing argument improperly commented on Kearney's Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights by identifying constitutional protections as impediments to prosecution and pointing a finger at Kearney for invoking those protections. The comments were not justified by the fair reply doctrine and could not be deemed harmless error given the weak evidence, Kearney's acquittal on the interception charge, and the illogical conviction on the perjury charge.


Headnotes

[1] Prosecutor comments during closing argument on a defendant's invocation of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and the Fourth Amendment right against unr…

[2] Comments on a defendant's right to remain silent are strongly discouraged and constitute error if fairly susceptible of being interpreted as referring to the defendant's…

Previewing 2 of 6 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Key Quotes

“any comment on, or which is fairly susceptible of being interpreted as referring to, a defendant's failure to testify is error and strongly discouraged.”

Establishes the legal standard for prosecutorial comments on constitutional rights, citing State v. Marshall

Previewing 1 of 3 key quotes on this case — the court’s exact language, pinpointed for members.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Facts & Procedural History

Kearney, a high school campus monitor, allegedly recorded a conference with an assistant principal after receiving a complaint. At a school board inve…

The full statement of facts, procedural history, and disposition for this case are member content.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

© FLexlaw, Inc. — AI-generated enrichments are proprietary. All rights reserved.


Opinion of the Court
PER CURIAM.

PER CURIAM.

Wanda Kearney (“Kearney”) was charged with unlawfully intercepting an oral communication and perjury in an unofficial proceeding. A jury acquitted Kearney of the intercepting charge, but convicted her of the perjury charge. She appeals the perjury conviction on three grounds, only one of which need be addressed.

Kearney was employed as a campus monitor at a high school. Apparently, a teacher filed a complaint against Kearney alleging that she had made some defamatory remarks regarding the teacher’s personal life. As a result, Kearney was called into a conference by one of the assistant principals. Upon leaving this conference, she was upset and allegedly told a colleague that the next time she met with the assistant principal, she was going to tape record the conversation.

Soon thereafter, Kearney was summoned to the office to meet with the principal. She allegedly placed a tape recorder into her waistband before departing for the conference. After the conference, she allegedly played the tape for her colleague. The principal later learned of the tape through the grapevine, and was piqued because she had not given Kearney permission to tape the private conference. The teacher’s complaint along with the alleged taping incident were reported to the school board for review.

Kearney met with a school board investigator regarding both claims. She was questioned under oath and in the presence of her union representative. Kearney denied taping the conversation at this investigatory proceeding, and it is from this denial that the perjury charge stems.

Kearney contends that the perjury conviction should be reversed because the prosecutor improperly commented during closing argument on her invocation of the rights to remain silent and be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Two comments are at issue. The first comment states:

The Defense says, where’s the tape? The State should present the tape to you. That’s a ridiculous argument, and the reason why it’s a ridiculous argument is because the Defense fully knows well that the State doesn’t have the tape. The Defense fully knows well that there’s something called the Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination, and the Fourth Amendment, the right against illegal searches and seizures.

The second comment is a bit more dramatic in nature:

And that the government can’t just bust down somebody’s door and say, we’re taking everything out of your house. The government can’t just grab somebody by the hand and say, get over here, sit down, you’re going to tell us what we want to know. We can’t do it. We can’t do it.

So the Defense says why doesn’t the government have the tape. We don’t have the tape because it’s not in our possession. Who’s possession is it in? Right there.

This case illustrates another thing the government cannot do, and that is comment on the defendant’s rights to remain silent and be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. In fact, “any comment on, or which is fairly susceptible of being interpreted as referring to, a defendant’s failure to testify is error and strongly discouraged.” State v. Marshall, 476 So. 2d 150, 153 (Fla.1985). Under this rubric, this Court has repeatedly demonstrated a low tolerance for closing argument remarks that even remotely or abstractly comment on the defendant’s right to remain silent. See Anderson v. State, 711 So. 2d 230 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998); Smith v. State, 681 So. 2d 894 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996); Varona v. State, 674 So. 2d 823 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996).

Closing argument remarks on a defendant’s right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures are not regarded any more favorably. In fact, comments on the Fourth Amendment and Fifth Amendment are considered “constitutional error of the same magnitude.” Gomez v. State, 572 So. 2d 952, 952 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991).

In the present case, it is clear that the first comment explicitly highlighted the Fourth and Fifth Amendments as impediments to the prosecution’s ability to produce the tape. The second comment is even more egregious in nature, due to its sheer dramatic effect. This comment cites the constitutional restraints placed on the government as an obstacle to the prosecution of the case, and then points a finger at Kearney for invoking the constitutional protections intended to shield her from governmental abuse. These comments, on their face, are “fairly susceptible” of being read as impermissible comments on the defendant’s constitutional rights.

The State contends, nonetheless, that these remarks were permissible based on the fair reply doctrine. The State cites Broge v. State, 288 So. 2d 280 (Fla. 4th DCA 1974), in support of this argument. The charges in Broge stemmed from a riot, and the defense undertook a campaign of argument intended to goad the prosecution into making the fatal error of commenting on the defendant’s constitutional rights. Id. at 281. This Court concluded that prosecutorial comments on the Fifth Amendment were not error in the case, but instead appropriate to balance the implications raised by defense misconduct. Id.

Additionally, the fair reply doctrine is limited in scope. In Hazelwood v. State, 658 So. 2d 1241 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), the prosecutor stated that both parties had subpoena power and suggested that other witnesses existed who would corroborate the State’s case. Id. at 1242. This Court decided that it was not error to explain the subpoena power, but that it was error to go one step further and claim uncalled witnesses would bolster the State’s case. Id.

In the present case, the defense did question the existence of the tape in its closing argument. However, this was to be expected in a case alleging that an illegal tape had been produced, because without the tape, the charge is less convincing. Furthermore, the defense did not pepper its entire argument with repeated statements regarding the whereabouts of the tape that were intended to push the prosecution toward fatal error. Even if this were not the case, and even assuming it was acceptable for the prosecution to explain the function of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, it was beyond the scope of fair reply to beleaguer the constitutional restraints and protections implicit in any criminal case and then point a finger at Kearney for having a greater appreciation of the Constitution.

Finally, it must be determined whether the wholly impermissible closing argument remarks in this case warrant the reversal of Kearney’s perjury conviction. The “fairly susceptible” rule is subject to harmless error analysis. Marshall, 476 So. 2d at 158. The harmless error test as defined in State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129 (Fla.1986), provides:

It is clear that comments on silence are high risk errors because there is a substantial likelihood that meaningful comments will vitiate the right to a fair trial by influencing the jury verdict.

Id. at 1136. In determining whether the risky remarks in the present case were harmless, the effect of the remarks on the jury must be considered. Goodwin v. State, 751 So. 2d 587, 542 (Fla.1999).

Kearney’s case is a one person said, another person said, scenario. She claims she did not make the tape, one of her colleagues claims she heard the tape, and no one is known to be in possession of the tape. Additionally, because she was acquitted of the intercepting charge, it is clear that the jury did not believe the State presented a case of overwhelming guilt against Kearney in that instance. Yet, for some reason, she was still convicted of perjury for claiming she did not make that very tape. Kearney asserts that this illogical outcome is due to the effects of the prosecutorial comments on her constitutional rights. The jury was presented with an indictment of Kearney’s credibility, because the comments created the impression that she made the tape, perjured herself by denying its existence, and refused to cooperate with the investigation by not delivering the tape. Kear-ney was entitled to assert her constitutional rights, and because it cannot be said with assurance that the impermissible prosecutorial comments did not influence the jury on the perjury charge, the prosecutor’s error in this case cannot be said to be harmless.

In light of the prosecutor’s impermissible comments on Kearney’s Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights, her perjury conviction must be reversed and remanded for a new trial. We affirm all other aspects of this appeal without comment.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL.

GUNTHER, TAYLOR, JJ., and TOBIN, VICTOR, Associate Judge, concur.


Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus


Citator

Cited By

  • Jennings v. State, 124 So. 3d 257 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013)
    …CA 1974) (holding a prosecutor’s comments indicating his personal belief in the State’s witnesses was a fair reply to defense counsel’s attack on the veracity of the State’s witnesses). The fair reply doctrine, however, has limits. Kearney v. State, 846 So. 2d 618, 621 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003). Initially, the prosecutor responded to the defense’s insinuations by pointing out that no one knew the results of the DNA tests; by emphasizing the length of time it takes to obtain DNA test results; and by downplaying the…
    1 / 2
  • Federico Martin Bravo, II v. State, 65 So. 3d 621 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011)
    …this testimony, combined with the prosecutor’s closing argument, amounted to an improper comment on Bravo’s right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, citing to Gomez v. State, 572 So. 2d 952 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990), and Kearney v. State, 846 So. 2d 618 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (applying the rationale of Gomez). The State concedes the point, but argues that any error must be deemed harmless under the dictates of State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129 (Fla.1986) (holding that comments on a defendant’s silenc…
  • Fratcher v. State, 37 So. 3d 365 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010)
    …refused consent for the search. Id. at 952-53. The court found that the error was harmful because “[t]he evidence that Gomez knew cocaine was lodged in the back seat of her car was circumstantial.” Id. at 953. We followed Gomez in Kearney v. State, 846 So. 2d 618 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003). There, Kearney had been acquitted of unlawfully intercepting an oral communication but nonetheless convicted of perjury. Id. at 619. We reversed the perjury conviction because of two remarks the prosecutor made during closing ar…

Previewing 3 of 4 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.

Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence

Authorities Cited

Full citator, related cases, and AI research tools

Open in FLexlaw