JULIA THOMAS, ET AL., APPELLANTS,
v.
HERTZ CORPORATION, ETC., APPELLEE

Fla. 3d DCA | 2004-12-29
No. 3D03-1000
Before LEVY and RAMIREZ, JJ., and HARRIS, CHARLES M., Senior Judge.
890 So. 2d 448 Florida District Court of Appeal, Third District (2004) Positive Treatment
Cited by 9 cases

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Synopsis

This case concerns whether Hertz Corporation is vicariously liable for an accident caused by a renter who used a fraudulent identity and failed to return the vehicle. The court affirmed summary judgment for Hertz, finding the renter's actions constituted theft or conversion, which relieves the owner of liability under Florida law.


Holding

Yes, the renter's actions constituted theft or conversion. When the facts surrounding the theft or conversion are unrefuted, summary judgment is proper, and the owner is relieved of vicarious liability.


Headnotes

[1] A conversion or theft exception to the dangerous instrumentality doctrine relieves a vehicle owner of liability for the negligence of a driver to whom consent to operate…

[2] Obtaining property by fraud, willful misrepresentation of a future act, or false promise constitutes "obtains or uses" under Florida's theft statute.

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Key Quotes

“Florida courts recognize a conversion or theft exception to the strict liability imposed under the dangerous instrumentality doctrine.”

Establishes the legal principle that vicarious liability is not absolute and can be excused under certain circumstances.

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Facts & Procedural History

Appellants sued Hertz for vicarious liability and negligent entrustment after an accident with a Hertz vehicle driven by Sharien Pendleton. Pendleton …

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Opinion of the Court
PER CURIAM.

PER CURIAM.

Julia and Victor Thomas (“appellants”), were involved in an automobile accident with a Hertz-owned vehicle that was driven by Sharien Pierce n/k/a Sharien Pendle-ton (“Pendleton”). Appellants sued Hertz under theories of vicarious liability and negligent entrustment.

The parties stipulated that Pendleton acquired the car and was driving it at the time of the accident. Hertz denied liability on the ground that the vehicle was stolen. When Pendleton acquired the vehicle from Hertz, she presented a State-issued Florida Driver’s License, depicting her photograph but bearing the name “Trade O’Brien.” Ms. Pendleton paid for the rental vehicle with a credit card bearing the O’Brien name. During the lease term, Ms. Pendleton was granted a two- day extension on the lease. Hertz denied a second request for extension. The accident occurred after Hertz denied the second extension request.

Thus, at the time of the accident, the lease term was expired. Capital One, the credit card Pen-dleton presented, paid Hertz for the rental vehicle. There is no evidence that Hertz reported the vehicle stolen. Hertz moved for Summary Judgment on both the vicarious liability and the negligent entrustment counts.

The trial court concluded that Pendleton acquired the vehicle by theft, relieving Hertz of vicarious liability, and granted summary' judgment in favor of Hertz on both counts. Appellants appeal.

We affirm.

Florida courts recognize a conversion or theft exception to the strict liability imposed under the dangerous instrumentality doctrine.1 Hertz v. Jackson, 617 So. 2d 1051, 1053 (Fla.1993). Specifically, the Supreme Court of Florida has recognized that “a breach of custody amounting to a species of conversion or theft will relieve an owner of responsibility for the negligence of one to whom the owner has granted consent to operate the vehicle.” Hertz, 617 So. 2d at 1053 (citing Susco Car Rental System v. Leonard, 112 So. 2d 832, 835-36 (Fla.1959)).

Section 812.014(1), Florida Statutes explains that a theft occurs when a person “knowingly obtains or uses, or endeavors to obtain or to use, the property of another with intent to,- either temporarily or permanently: (a) Deprive the other person of a right to the property or a benefit from the property, (b) Appropriate the property to his or her own use or to the use of any person not entitled to the use of the property.” § 812.014(1), Fla. Stat. (2003).

Section 812.012(3)(c), Florida Statutes defines “obtains or uses” as any manner of “[o]b-taining property by fraud, willful misrepresentation of a future act, or false promise.” § 812.012(3)(c), Fla. Stat. (2003).

Moreover, a conversion is an “act of dominion wrongfully asserted over another’s property inconsistent with his ownership therein.” Warshall v. Price, 629 So. 2d 903 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993). In the instant case, Pen-dleton clearly obtained the Hertz rental by fraud, and intended to deprive Hertz of its benefit from the vehicle.

Although the Supreme Court of Florida previously held that the question of whether a vehicle was the subject of a theft or conversion is a question of fact, where the circumstances surrounding the theft or conversion are unrefuted, Summary Judgment is proper. Hertz v. Jackson, 617 So. 2d at 1054.

In Hertz v. Jackson, the Court held that the unrefuted facts supported Summary Judgment. In Hertz, the car was rented for two days and never returned. Hertz learned that the car was fraudulently obtained twelve days later and immediately sent certified demands for the car’s return to the individual renters. Additionally, when the certified notices were returned undeliverable, Hertz reported the car stolen; the accident occurred eleven days after the vehicle was reported stolen. Hertz v. Jackson, 617 So. 2d at 1054.

Similarly, in the instant case, the vehicle was rented on August 14, 1997, for an August 15, 1997 return.

On August 15, 1997, a two-day extension was granted by Hertz. The vehicle was due on August 17, 1997; on that day, an additional extension was sought but was denied by Hertz. The accident occurred on August 19, 1997, two days after the vehicle was due.

Moreover, Ms. Pendleton obtained the vehicle with fraudulent identification, and testified that she probably would not have returned the vehicle: “My intent was to do what I had to do and leave. I never stayed long anywhere. I do what I come to do and then I’m gone. What they do after that ... if they return [the vehicle], they return it. If they don’t they don’t.” Cf. Stupak v. Winter Park Leasing, Inc., 585 So. 2d 283, 284 (Fla. 1991) (where the Court reversed Summary Judgment, finding that a question of fact existed regarding whether the use of the car beyond the expiration date of the rental agreement constituted a conversion or theft is an issue of fact precluding Summary Judgment, where the accident occurred one day after the rental agreement expired and where there was no allegation or admission of theft or conversion.).

Thus, where the unrefuted facts support the conclusion that the vehicle was the subject a theft or conversion, the trial court properly granted Summary Judgment in favor of Hertz.

Accordingly, we affirm Summary Judgment in favor of Hertz.

Affirmed.

. Under Florida's dangerous instrumentality doctrine, the owner of a motor vehicle who voluntarily entrusts it to another is subject to strict vicarious liability for any damages/injuries cáused by the driver of the vehicle. Hertz Corp. v. Jackson, 617 So. 2d 1051 (Fla.1993).


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  • Atl. Civil, Inc. v. Swift, 118 So. 3d 271 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013)
    …d in road construction, which had been stored on the appellee’s land by mutual agreement, constituted a conversion of that material which required the entry of a judgment in the appellant’s favor for its established value. See Thomas v. Hertz Corp., 890 So. 2d 448 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004); Warshall v. Price, 629 So. 2d 903 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993); Seymour v. Adams, 638 So. 2d 1044 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994). See also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 223 (1965); § 221 (“A dispossession may be committed by intentionally ... barr…
  • United Techs. Corp. v. Mazer, 556 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2009)
    …n for civil theft, the claimant must prove the statutory elements of theft, as well as criminal intent.”). Conversion is an “act of dominion wrongfully asserted over another’s property inconsistent with his ownership therein.” Thomas v. Hertz Corp., 890 So. 2d 448, 449 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004) (quotation omitted). The tort “may occur where a person wrongfully refuses to relinquish property to which another has the right of possession,” and it “may be established despite evidence that the defendant took or retained…
  • Bookworld Trade, Inc. v. Daughters of St. Paul, Inc., 532 F. Supp. 2d 1350 (M.D. Fla. 2007)
    …any person not entitled to the use of the property.” Fla. Stat. § 812.014(1). 10 Similarly, a conversion is an “act of dominion wrongfully asserted over another’s property inconsistent with his ownership therein.” Thomas v. Hertz Corp., 890 So.2d 448, 449 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004). As an initial matter, PBM cites no record evidence demonstrating that Smith, individually, “obtained” or “committed an act of dominion” over PBM’s money or inventory. 11 Because PBM has failed to provide any…

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