JOHN BATTLE, APPELLANT,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, APPELLEE
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The court held that a 'well-founded fear' of imminent peril is not a required element for aggravated assault under Florida law, and the trial court did not err by giving an additional jury instruction.
[1] A criminal assault may be committed even if the victim is unaware of the attempt at the time.
[2] The offense of aggravated assault is distinguished from simple assault by the addition of the element of using a deadly weapon.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceThe defendant was convicted of Aggravated Assault for fracturing a teacher's skull with a wooden paddle. The defendant appealed, arguing the State fai…
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NANCE, L. CLAYTON, Associate Judge.
Defendant-Appellant was convicted by a Jury of Aggravated Assault upon a school teacher by fracturing his skull with one blow, using a hard wooden paddle as a deadly weapon.
Appellant cites as error, denial of a directed verdict on the grounds that the State failed to prove a material element of the offense, i. e., “a well founded fear” of violence or imminent peril on the part of the victim, who Appellant asserts to have been taken without warning, and by surprise. Appellant insists that such a requirement arises from the common law, since the offense of Aggravated Assault is purely statutory in Florida, F.S.A. § 784.-04, and unknown in the common law. Wharton, Criminal Law and Procedure, § 332; Black’s Law Dictionary; Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, 2.05; 125 A.L.R. 602; Motley v. State (Fla.1945) 155 Fla. 545, 20 So. 2d 798; Albright v. State (Fla. 2nd D.C.A. 1968) 214 So. 2d 887; Bass v. State (Fla. 1st D.C.A.1970) 232 So. 2d 25; Munday v. State (Fla. 3rd D.C.A. 1971) 254 So. 2d 33; Wilson v. State (Fla. 4 D.C.A. 1972) 265 So. 2d 411; State v. Wilson, Fla., 276 So. 2d 45.
This point should be laid to rest, and we believe the Court did so on two occasions. Nelson v. State, 157 So. 2d 96 (3 D.C.A.Fla.1963), cert. denied (Fla.1964) 165 So. 2d 178; McCullers v. State (4 D.C.A.Fla.1968) 206 So. 2d 30, cert. denied (Fla.1968) 210 So. 2d 868.
Succinctly stated in McCullers, supra:
“A criminal assault may be made upon a person even though he had no knowledge of the fact at the time. Perkins Criminal Law, 88-89 (1957), see cases cited at n. 62. It should be noted that herein lies the distinction between assault as a crime and assault as a tort. If the intended victim is unaware of the attempt, he has suffered no harm and is not entitled to compensation for the tort committed against him. Restatement, Torts 2d, § 22. However, a criminal assault is an offense against the peace and dignity of the state as well as an invasion of private rights.
At common law there were no degrees of the offense of assault and the term ‘aggravated assault’ had no technical or definite meaning. Certain assaults, however, are committed under such circumstances or are so dangerous that the legislature has seen fit to set them apart as the more serious offense of aggravated assault. An aggravated assault differs from a simple, assault on the basis that there is added one additional element— with a deadly weapon.
An aggravated assault as defined by the above statute requires a general intent and not a specific criminal intent. 1 Wharton, Criminal Law and Procedure at 716. The gist of the crime is found in the character of the weapon with which the assault is made. The use of a deadly weapon must be charged and proved. It is the nature of the weapon that characterizes the assault as ‘aggravated.’ Lindsey v. State, 1914, 67 Fla. 111, 64 So. 501; Knight v. State, 1902, 44 Fla. 94, 32 So. 110”. (206 So. 2d at 33)
If the law were otherwise, would-be “assassins”, “bushwhackers”, and “back-stabbers”, could act with impunity upon failure or partial success in their nefarious efforts.
Secondarily, the Appellant asserts as reversible error, the trial court’s “deviating from the Standard Jury Instructions”, by including in his instructions the following additional instruction:
“Every battery includes an assault”.
No objection to the jury instruction was made or interposed by defense counsel during any part of the trial. The instruction is technically correct under the law and the facts of the case sub judice. Nelson v. State, supra.
The Florida Supreme Court, in Order and Opinion, # 39,673, effective May 27, 1970, approved the use of the Standard Instructions in jury cases. In the opinion the Court recognized the responsibility of the trial judge to correctly charge the jury in each case as it comes before him. In the case, sub judice, the trial judge correctly followed the Standard Jury Instructions. He did not modify, change, correct, find them inadequate, or incorrect. He gave an additional appropriate, necessary and correct instruction under the law and facts of the case. The trial judge could submit the instructions to the Director of Continuing Education of the Florida Bar, and to the Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases for consideration for improvement of the Standard Instructions, or for use in appropriate cases, but failure to note the inclusion in the record with reasons, or failure to refer the instruction, cannot and does not constitute error, harmful or otherwise.
We have examined the record and transcript, and find the evidence ample and sufficient to support the conviction. There is no error. MANN, C. J., and GRIMES, J., concur.
Cases With Similar Vibessemantic neighbors from the corpus
Citator
Cited By
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State v. White, 324 So. 2d 630 (Fla. 1975)…ions under the English common law give nor did the Legislature of Florida ever intend to give a “bushwacker” or “backstabber” immunity from criminal assault as the majority concludes. Consequently, I would adhere to the decisions in Battle v. State, 292 So. 2d 594 (Fla.App.2d 1974); McCullers v. State, 206 So. 2d 30 (Fla.App.4th 1968), cert. denied, 210 So. 2d 868 (Fla.1968); Nelson v. State, 157 So. 2d 96 (Fla.App.3d 1963), cert. denied, 165 So. 2d 178 (Fla.1964, and Clark v. State, 318 So. 2d 487 (Fla.App.4…1 / 2
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Briggs v. Salcines, 392 So. 2d 263 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980)…eview this type of order. Thus, we cannot treat the matter as an appeal. This does not end our inquiry, however, because we do have the power to treat an improperly filed appeal as a petition for writ of certiorari. See Goff v. General Motors Corp., 292 So. 2d 594 (Fla.2d DCA 1974); Fla.R.App.P. 9.040. We think this case to be an appropriate matter for consideration by certiorari. See Imparato v. Spicola, 238 So. 2d 503 (Fla.2d DCA 1970). Of course, in order for us to grant the discretionary writ of certiora…
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Clark v. State, 318 So. 2d 487 (Fla. 4th DCA 1975)…lement of the offense for which he was convicted. Appellant recognizes that the Second, Third, and Fourth District Courts of Appeal have all determined that putting the victim in fear is not a necessary element of criminal assault, Battle v. State, 292 So. 2d 594 (2nd DCA Fla.1974); Nelson v. State, 157 So. 2d 96 (3rd DCA Fla.1963), and McCullers v. State, 206 So. 2d 30 (4th DCA Fla.1968). However, he urges us to reconsider this position and to align ourselves with the First District Court of Appeal which he…
Previewing 3 of 7 citing cases — full citator treatment, depth of discussion, and citing context are member features.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceAuthorities Cited (13 total)
- Motley v. State, 155 Fla. 545 (Fla. 1945)
- Paulet v. Hickey, 206 So. 2d 30 (Fla. 2d DCA 1968)
- Bass v. State, 232 So. 2d 25 (Fla. 1st DCA 1970)
- State v. Wilson, 276 So. 2d 45 (Fla. 1973)
- Knight v. State, 44 Fla. 94 (Fla. 1902)
- Pleas Lindsey v. State, 67 Fla. 111 (Fla. 1914)
- Kelner v. Suritz, 165 So. 2d 178 (Fla. 1964)
- Nelson v. State, 157 So. 2d 96 (Fla. 3d DCA 1963)
- Pilar Navarro v. Yosemite Ins. Co., 254 So. 2d 33 (Fla. 3d DCA 1971)
- Albright v. State, 214 So. 2d 887 (Fla. 2d DCA 1968)